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Effects of different levels of dietary CP on the physiological response, reproductive performance, blood profiles, milk composition and odor emission in gestating sows |
Hongjun Kim1 
, Xinghao Jin1
, Cheonsoo Kim1
, Niru Pan1
, Yoo Yong Kim1,*
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Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea |
Correspondence:
Yoo Yong Kim, Tel: +82-2-880-4801, Fax: +82-2-878-5839, Email: yooykim@snu.ac.kr
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Received: 11 December 2022 • Revised: 6 February 2023 • Accepted: 16 March 2023 |
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| Abstract |
Objective
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels on the physiological response, reproductive performance, blood profiles, milk composition and odor emission in gestating sows.
Methods
Seventy-two multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) of average body weight (BW), backfat thickness (BF), and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 10 or 11 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental diets with different CP levels were as follows: 1) CP11: corn‒soybean-based diet containing 11% CP, 2) CP12: corn‒soybean-based diet containing 12% CP, 3) CP13: corn‒soybean-based diet containing 13% CP, 4) CP14: corn‒soybean-based diet containing 14% CP, 5) CP15: corn‒soybean-based diet containing 15% CP, and 6) CP16: corn‒soybean-based diet containing 16% CP.
Results
There was no significant difference in the performance of sow or piglet growth when sows were fed different dietary protein levels. Milk fat (linear, p=0.05) and total solids (linear, p=0.04) decreased as dietary CP levels increased. Increasing dietary CP levels in the gestation diet caused a significant increase in creatinine at days 35 and 110 of gestation (linear, p=0.01; linear, p=0.01). The total protein in sows also increased as dietary CP levels increased during the gestation period and 24 hours postpartum (linear, p=0.01; linear, p=0.01). During the whole experimental period, an increase in urea in sows was observed when sows were fed increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p=0.01), and increasing BUN concentrations were observed as well. In the blood parameters of piglets, there were linear improvements in creatinine (linear, p=0.01), total protein (linear, p=0.01), urea (linear, p=0.01), and BUN (linear, p=0.01) with increasing levels of dietary CP as measured 24 hours postpartum. At two measurement points (days 35 and 110) of gestation, the odor gas concentration, including amine, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, increased linearly when sows fed diets with increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p=0.01). Moreover, as dietary CP levels increased to 16%, the odor gas concentration was increased with a quadratic response (quadratic, p=0.01).
Conclusion
Reducing dietary CP levels from 16% to 11% in a gestating diet did not exert detrimental effects on sow body condition or piglet performance. Moreover, a low protein diet (11% CP) may improve dietary protein utilization and metabolism to reduce odor gas emissions in manure and urine in gestating sows.
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| Keywords:
Blood Profiles; Crude Protein Level; Gestating Sows; Litter Performance; Reproductive Performance |
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