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Anim Biosci > Volume 30(10); 2017 > Article
Seo, Lee, and Kong: Assessment of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Korean native chicken breeds using microsatellite markers

Abstract

Objective

This study was conducted to investigate the basic information on genetic structure and characteristics of Korean Native chickens (NC) and foreign breeds through the analysis of the pure chicken populations and commercial chicken lines of the Hanhyup Company which are popular in the NC market, using the 20 microsatellite markers.

Methods

In this study, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 445 NC from five different breeds (NC, Leghorn [LH], Cornish [CS], Rhode Island Red [RIR], and Hanhyup [HH] commercial line) were investigated by performing genotyping using 20 microsatellite markers.

Results

The highest genetic distance was observed between RIR and LH (18.9%), whereas the lowest genetic distance was observed between HH and NC (2.7%). In the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) illustrated by the first component, LH was clearly separated from the other groups. The correspondence analysis showed close relationship among individuals belonging to the NC, CS, and HH lines. From the STRUCTURE program, the presence of 5 clusters was detected and it was found that the proportion of membership in the different clusters was almost comparable among the breeds with the exception of one breed (HH), although it was highest in LH (0.987) and lowest in CS (0.578). For the cluster 1 it was high in HH (0.582) and in CS (0.368), while for the cluster 4 it was relatively higher in HH (0.392) than other breeds.

Conclusion

Our study showed useful genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship data that can be utilized for NC breeding and development by the commercial chicken industry to meet consumer demands.

INTRODUCTION

About 60 million Korean native chickens (NC) are consumed annually in Korea, which accounts for only 10% of the total chickens consumed [1]. Owing to changes in eating habits, more and more Koreans have started preferring chicken meat, resulting in an increase in consumption [2]. Roasted chicken, Dak galbi (spicy stir-fried chicken), and chicken breast salad utilizing general broiler and imported chicken meat are mainly consumed in Korea. Since NC are used only for seasonal preparations such as Baeksuk (chicken soup with rice), Samgyetang (chicken soup with ginseng), and Braised spicy chicken, the proportion of NC is relatively low. Further, White slender tail roots are disguised as NC, which contributed to its lower consumption percentage [3]. According to the study reported by Lee et al [4] flavor- and taste-contributing amino acids, including aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, and arginine, are significantly higher in the NC breast meat than in other broilers. Native chicken meat is not only light because of its flavory taste and low fat content, but it is also chewy because of solid muscle [5]. Through many research results, the superiority of NC meat has been proved. However, the growth of NC industry is marginal, owing to the consumption of a variety of other chicken breeds in Korea. The NC breeds such as Hanhyup 3 and Woorimatdag are commercial chicken breeds developed taking into consideration the merits and economic feasibility of NC, and produced by mating the NC and economically superior and naturalized breeds [1]. This industrialization strategy of using commercial chicken is an effective counterplan for changing consumer demands and market economics. However, for the sustainable growth of NC market, strategies for the improvement should be established based on the precise genetic background for NC breeds. Woorimatdag was developed from pure NC population at the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) in Korea, and various genetic research projects on pure populations have been done and are still underway. Although many researchers have studied the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of NC and foreign breeds using microsatellite (MS) markers, studies on the genetic background or characteristics of commercial chicken lines are still lacking. The MS markers can be suitable for a wide range of applications and have been commonly used as markers for studies of population genetics and paternity since early 1990s. The MS markers are likely to be used continuously in the future since they are comparatively cheap for genotyping and provide more genetic information on population than biallelic markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms [6]. This experiment was conducted to investigate the basic information on genetic structure and characteristics of NC and foreign breeds through the analysis of the pure chicken populations and commercial chicken lines of the Hanhyup Company which are very popular in the NC market, using the 20 MS markers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample collection and DNA extraction

Commercial lines of chickens were collected from Hanhyup company, while NC (red, yellow, gray, black, and white) and naturalized breeds such as Rhode Island Red (RIR), Cornish (CS), Leghorn (LH) (which were introduced into Korea from foreign countries a long time ago) were collected from the NIAS in Korea (Table 1).
Five breeds of NC (red, yellow, gray, black, and white) recon structed by NC conservation project (1994) were used. However, the genetic origins of commercial lines were not identified because it is confidential information of the company.
Blood samples from wing veins were collected from 445 indi viduals in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for DNA extraction. Samples were stored at −20°C, and genomic DNA was extracted using the manual extraction method.

Microsatellite markers and polymerase chain reaction amplification

Initially, 28 MS markers were genotyped, and all MS markers were labeled with a capillary-based dye—FAM (blue), VIC (green), or NED (yellow)—to enable genotyping. From these results, 20 highly polymorphic MS markers were selected based on the number of alleles, expected heterozygosity (Hexp) and polymorphic information content (PIC) values (Table 2). All 445 DNA samples were amplified using a GeneAmp PCR system 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The amplifications were carried out using 15 μL reaction mixtures containing genomic DNA (5 to 20 ng/μL), each primer (10 pM), 2.5 mM dNTP, 10X Maxima Hot Start Taq buffer, 25 mM MgCl2, and 1.5 U Thermo Scientific Maxima Hot Start Taq DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The initial denaturation was performed at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 30 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 55°C, and 30 s at 72°C. The final extension step was at 72°C for 15 min and then cooled to 8°C.

Genotyping

The amplified DNA was genotyped using an automated Genetic Analyzer 3130xl (Applied Biosystems, USA). The genotyping reaction contained 1 μL of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, 8.9 μL of Hi-Di formamide, and 0.1 μL of GeneScan-500LIZ size standard in 10 μL total volume. The genotyping results were obtained using GeneMapper V 4.1 (Applied Biosystems, USA).

Statistical analysis

The genotyped data were analyzed using Cervus V 3.0 program [7] and Excel MS toolkit version 3.1 [8] to calculate allele frequencies at each locus for each population, Hexp, observed heterozygosity (Hobs), and PIC values. The amount of inbreeding-like effects within subpopulations (genetic distance [Fst]), among subpopulations (within inbreeding [Fis]), and within the entire population (total inbreeding [Fit]) were analyzed by F-statistics [9]. The STRUCTURE program [10] was used to analyze the Proportion of membership of the studied breeds. The neighbor joining method [11] was used to construct a phylogenetic tree. The principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) was carried out for 5 breeds using GenAlEx 6.4 program. The correspondence analysis, which is a weighted principal component analysis, was performed using the allele frequency data for the individuals of all five breeds and the 20 MS markers using GENETIX software [12].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Hexp, Hobs, and PIC values for the five chicken breeds are summarized in Table 3. Among the 20 MS markers selected, the number of alleles was confirmed in the range of 5 (ADL0268) to 20 (MCW0127). Total number of alleles with 20 markers was 250, and the mean number of alleles (MNA) was 12.5. The Hobs ranged from 0.349 (GCT0016) to 0.683 (MCW0145). MCW0104 showed the highest Hexp and PIC values of 0.878 and 0.866 respectively, while ROS0083 showed the lowest Hexp and PIC values of 0.742 and 0.708 respectively. Estimation of genotypic diversity in heterozygosity and PIC value informativeness of MS markers were previously used for determining animal breed selection [13]. For the animal traceability, PIC>0.5 and Hexp>0.6 are the most reasonable informative locus for application in genetics [14]. In this study, 15 MS markers selected were highly informative for the five chicken breeds and are appropriate for discrimination as well.
F-statistics [9] were estimated in a fixation index as genetic differentiation (Fst), the global heterozygote deficit among five chicken breeds (Fit), and the heterozygote deficit within the breed/line (Fis) among the 20 MS markers (Table 3). Among these markers, estimation of fixation index has been discovered for Fst, Fit, and Fis values ranging from 0.048 to 0.182, 0.200 to 0.551, and 0.111 to 0.442, respectively. The estimated mean value of the total inbreeding (Fit), within line inbreeding (Fis) and genetic distance were 0.308, 0.229, and 0.102 respectively. The F-statistics values for Fst, Fit, and Fis were high (0.182, 0.551, and 0.442, respectively) for the GCT0016 marker. While the lowest values for genetic distance (Fst) and total inbreeding (Fit) were 0.048 and 0.200 respectively for the MCW0145 marker, the lowest value within line inbreeding (Fis) value was 0.111 for the MCW0029 marker.
The heterozygosity (H exp and Hobs) and PIC value regarding the five chicken breeds are summarized in Table 4. The values for MNA, Hobs, Hexp, and PIC were highest (10.05, 0.630, 0.796, and 0.767 respectively) in the NC population, while the lowest values for MNA, Hexp, and PIC (4.40, 0.580, and 0.520 respectively) were observed in the RIR population. The Hobs value, however, was lowest in the LH population (0.420).
The genetic divergences among the populations based on allele frequencies were calculated according to DA genetic distance [11]. The genetic distances of 5 chicken breeds were in the range of 0.131 (HH and NC) to 0.545 (RIR and LH) (Table 5) and neighbour-joining tree of genetic relationship among 5 chicken breeds using DA genetic distance is shown in Figure 1. The NC and HH were grouped into the same branch.
Figure 2 illustrates the population relationships based on the PCoA using individual multi-locus genotypes of 20 MS markers. Contribution to the variance of the principal components was over 90% including the third ingredient. The first two components contributed 47.85% and 33.56% respectively, and the third component contributed12.42%. Notably, by the first component, LH was confirmed to be clearly separated from the other groups. CS was confirmed near the NC and HH by the second component. On the other hand, it was separated from HH and NC under the third component.
The correspondence analysis was performed on the five populations using allele frequencies of the 20 MS markers to summarize the breed relationships (Figure 3). The first four factors contributed to a total of 99.99% with values of 39.68%, 25.03%, 19.53%, and 15.75% respectively. Figure 3 shows close relationship among individuals which belong to the NC (pink plots), CS (gray plots), and HH (yellow plots), and it was confirmed LH (White plots) was similar to the PCoA results.
Table 6 illustrates the results of the analysis performed using STRUCTURE program. The presence of 5 clusters was detected and the proportion of membership in the different clusters was almost comparable among the breeds with the exception of one breed (HH), although it was highest in LH (0.987), and lowest in CS (0.578). For the cluster 1 it was high in HH (0.582) and in CS (0.368), while for the cluster 4 it was relatively higher in HH (0.392) than other breeds. The reason for this seems to be due to the variety of commercial pure lines by the improvement goals (for egg or meat production, etc). However, further research is needed to determine why HH line did not form a single cluster with high proportion of membership.
LH is known as the typical egg breed, while RIR is known as the dual purpose breed and CS as meat type breed [15]. According to this study, the CS breed was genetically close to NC and HH commercial lines. From these results CS, NC, and HH commercial lines seem to be genetically close because they have been improved for the same purpose (meat type breed).
The expected probabilities of identity values were calculated for random individuals (PI), random half-sib (PIhalf-sibs), and random sibs (PIsibs) using 10, 15, and 20 MS markers and their estimates were 3.88×10−60, 4.86×10−39, and 1.38×10−12, respectively when calculated using 20 MS markers (Table 7). Seo et al [16] reported that random individuals (PI), random half-sib (PIhalf-sibs), and random sibs (PIsibs) with 15 markers were estimated as 7.98 ×10−29, 2.88×10−20, and 1.25×10−8 respectively. On comparing the two results, it was confirmed that the expected probabilities of identity values from this study were higher than those of Seo’s Report [16]. When the domestic chicken market scale is considered, it seems to be sufficient if 15 markers are used. These results in this study indicated that these MS markers will be used to aid the conservation, traceability, and future improvement of chicken lines in Korea.

Notes

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by Golden Seed Project. (2013010-05-1-WT251).

Figure 1
Neighbour-joining tree of genetic relationship among 5 chicken population using DA genetic distance based on 20 microsatellite loci. The numbers on the nodes are percentage bootstrap in 1,000 replications. HH, Hanhyup (Commercial line); RIR, Rhode Island Red; LH, Leghorn; CS, Cornish; NC, Korean native chicken.
ajas-30-10-1365f1.gif
Figure 2
Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of allele frequencies from 20 microsatellite markers typed in five populations using GenAlEx. HH, Hanhyup (Commercial line); RIR, Rhode Island Red; LH, Leghorn; CS, Cornish; NC, Korean native chicken.
ajas-30-10-1365f2.gif
Figure 3
Correspondence analysis of allele frequencies from 20 MS markers typed in 5 populations using Genetix405 (White, Leghorn; Blue, Rhode Island Red; Pink, Korean native chicken; Yellow, Hanhyup (Commercial line); Gray, Cornish).
ajas-30-10-1365f3.gif
Table 1
Description and distribution of chicken breeds used in the study
Code Breed No. of chickens
HH Hanhyup (Commercial line) 181
NC Korean Native Chicken 120
LH Leghorn 48
CS Cornish 48
RIR Rhode Island Red 48
Total 445
Table 2
Primer information for 20 selected microsatellite markers in the study
No Markers Chr Primer Size Dye
1 ADL0259 9 F CTCATTGCAGAGGAAGTTCT 107–147 VIC
R GTAATGGAGGATGCTCAGGT
2 ADL0268 1 F CTCCACCCCTCTCAGAACTA 105–117 PET
R CAACTTCCCATCTACCTACT
3 ADL0292 5 F CCAAATCAGGCAAAACTTCT 110–140 FAM
R AAATGGCCTAAGGATGAGGA
4 ADL0293 17 F GTAATCTAGAAACCCCATCT 107–127 PET
R ACATACCGCAGTCTTTGTTC
5 ADL0304 18 F GGGGAGGAACTCTGGAAATG 138–162 FAM
R CCTCATGCTTCGTGCTTTTT
6 ADL0317 4 F AGTTGGTTTCAGCCATCCAT 178–204 FAM
R CCCAGAGCACACTGTCACTG
7 GCT0016 9 F TCCAAGGTTCTCCAGTTC 108–168 NED
R GGCATAAGGATAGCAACAG
8 LEI0074 26 F GACCTGGTCCTGACATGGGTG 132–244 VIC
R GTTTGCTGATTAGCCATCGCG
9 LEI0094 4 F GATCTCACCAGTATGAGCTGC 232–282 FAM
R TCTCACACTGTAACACAGTGC
10 LEI0141 2 F CGCATTTGATGCATAACACATG 218–244 FAM
R AAGGCAAACTCAGCTGGAACG
11 MCW0029 5 F GTGGACACCCATTTGTACCCTATG 131–187 VIC
R CATGCAATTCAGGACCGTGCA
12 MCW0063 2 F GGCTCCAAAAGCTTGTTCTTAGCT 128–150 FAM
R GAAAACCAGTAAAGCTTCTTAC
13 MCW0087 2 F ATTTCTGCAGCCAACTTGGAG 265–289 NED
R CTCAGGCAGTTCTCAAGAACA
14 MCW0104 13 F TAGCACAACTCAAGCTGTGAG 192–232 PET
R AGACTTGCACAGCTGTGTACC
15 MCW0127 3 F GAGTTCAGCAGGAATGGGATG 226–274 VIC
R TGCAATAAGAGAAGGTAAGGTC
16 MCW0145 1 F ACTTTATTCTCCAAATTTGGCT 178–214 FAM
R AAACACAATGGCAACGGAAAC
17 MCW0228 10 F GATCTCTGCATTACAAGCATG 220–248 PET
R TTGCTGACCTGCTCATGCAAG
18 MCW0264 2 F CTTACTTTTCACGACAGAAGC 225–243 FAM
R AGACTGAGTCACACTCGTAAG
19 ROS0013 5 F TGCTGCTCCTGGRAAATTG 220–262 NED
R GAAAAGCCATGGAGGAATCA
20 ROS0083 13 F CATTACAGCTCAGTGTTGGCA 108–130 VIC
R TTGCAAGTGCTCTCCCATC
Table 3
The statistical analysis of heterozygosity (Hobs and Hexp), polymorphism information content (PIC), and F-statistics value using selected 20 microsatellite markers among 5 chicken breeds
Locus No. of alleles Hobs Hexp PIC Fst (θ) Fit (F) Fis (f)
ADL0259 14 0.675 0.874 0.862 0.081 0.223 0.156
ADL0268 5 0.516 0.762 0.725 0.117 0.310 0.215
ADL0292 11 0.562 0.751 0.714 0.152 0.267 0.137
ADL0293 10 0.497 0.778 0.745 0.139 0.360 0.256
ADL0304 9 0.488 0.784 0.753 0.092 0.375 0.308
ADL0317 11 0.611 0.834 0.814 0.143 0.272 0.152
GCT0016 12 0.349 0.806 0.78 0.182 0.551 0.442
LEI0074 13 0.525 0.84 0.82 0.053 0.362 0.323
LEI0094 18 0.597 0.831 0.81 0.06 0.283 0.236
LEI0141 14 0.466 0.851 0.832 0.087 0.440 0.384
MCW0029 15 0.673 0.857 0.843 0.111 0.210 0.111
MCW0063 11 0.577 0.763 0.731 0.128 0.248 0.136
MCW0087 14 0.555 0.878 0.865 0.055 0.365 0.328
MCW0104 17 0.631 0.878 0.866 0.125 0.275 0.171
MCW0127 20 0.595 0.863 0.848 0.093 0.327 0.259
MCW0145 11 0.683 0.841 0.821 0.048 0.200 0.160
MCW0228 12 0.585 0.796 0.769 0.108 0.273 0.191
MCW0264 9 0.596 0.824 0.803 0.097 0.284 0.207
ROS0013 16 0.62 0.837 0.817 0.075 0.259 0.197
ROS0083 8 0.551 0.742 0.708 0.094 0.276 0.202
Total/mean 250/12.5 0.568 0.820 0.7963 0.102 0.308 0.229

Hobs, observed heterozygosity; Hexp, expected heterozygosity; Fst, genetic distance; Fit, total inbreeding; Fis, within inbreeding.

Table 4
Mean number of alleles (MNA), heterozygosity (Hobs and Hexp), and polymorphism information content (PIC) observed across 20 microsatellite loci for each population
Population MNA Hobs Hexp PIC
HH 9.90 0.612 0.785 0.755
NC 10.05 0.630 0.796 0.767
LH 5.35 0.420 0.586 0.537
CS 6.50 0.494 0.721 0.674
RIR 4.40 0.464 0.580 0.520l
Mean 7.240 0.524 0.694 0.650

Hobs, observed heterozygosity; Hexp, expected heterozygosity; HH, Hanhyup (Commercial line); RIR, Rhode Island Red; LH, Leghorn; CS, Cornish; NC, Korean Native Chicken.

Table 5
DA genetic distance matrix estimated from the frequencies of 20 microsatellite loci among the five chicken breeds
Population HH RIR LH CS NC
HH -
RIR 0.301 -
LH 0.434 0.545 -
CS 0.190 0.396 0.421 -
NC 0.131 0.337 0.403 0.203 -

HH, Hanhyup (Commercial line); RIR, Rhode Island Red; LH, Leghorn; CS, Cornish; NC, Korean native chicken.

Table 6
Proportion of membership of the studied breeds to the 5 detected clusters using the STRUCTURE program (ver. 2.3.4) (500 burn-in period/1,000 Reps)
Population1) 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 cluster 5 cluster No. of sample
HH 0.582 0.004 0.009 0.392 0.014 181
RIR 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.009 0.981 48
LH 0.003 0.987 0.003 0.003 0.004 48
CS 0.368 0.026 0.578 0.017 0.011 48
NC 0.047 0.015 0.884 0.038 0.017 120

HH, Hanhyup (Commercial line); RIR, Rhode Island Red; LH, Leghorn; CS, Cornish; NC, Korean native chicken.

Table 7
The expected probability of identity values among genotypes of random individuals (PI), random half-sib (PIhalf-sibs) and random sibs (PIsibs) for discrimination of chicken lines using 10, 15 and 20 markers
Marker PI PIhalf-sibs PIsibs
Marker10 2.92×10−31 2.46×10−20 1.12×10−6
Marker15 7.60×10−46 9.06×10−30 1.23×10−9
Marker20 3.88×10−60 4.86×10−39 1.38×10−12

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