Go to Top Go to Bottom
Anim Biosci > Volume 35(10); 2022 > Article
Park and Sun: Effect of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 supplementations on growth performance, footpad dermatitis and manure odor in broiler chickens

Abstract

Objective

This study focused on the effect of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 on growth performance, carcass parameters, intestinal microflora, footpad dermatitis (FPD), and manure odor in broiler chickens.

Methods

One hundred-ten (two-day-old Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five groups with two replicate pens. The dietary treatments were divided to control, metallo-protease groups (A1, added with 0.1%; A2, added with 0.2%) and B. velezensis CE 100 groups (B1, added with 0.5%; B2, added with 1.0%).

Results

The feed intake was decreased in A1 and B2 compared to the other group (p<0.05). The liver weight was lower in B2 than in A2 (p<0.05). The Salmonella in the cecum was decreased in A2 compared to control and A1 (p<0.05). However, the lactic acid bacteria were increased in all treatments (p<0.05). The litter moisture content was decreased in A2, B1, and B2 (p<0.05). The litter quality visual score was increased in all treatments (p<0.05). The FPD score and prevalence were reduced in all treatments (p<0.05). The (CH3)2S emission was decreased in all treatments (p<0.05).

Conclusion

The present study indicated that both additives improve litter quality and reduce the incidence of FPD. These findings suggest that dietary metallo-protease and B. velezensis CE 100 have the potential to improve the broiler chickens’ welfare.

INTRODUCTION

Enzymes and probiotics which can improve the productivity and health of broilers are known as next-generation feed additives that replace antibiotics. Enzymes are biologically active proteins which promote the chemical breakdown of nutrients and help to increase growth rate in monogastric animals [1]. Probiotics are feed supplements composed of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Bifidobacteria, which can help improve poultry immunity and growth performance [2].
In the poultry industry, animal welfare issues have been raised about footpad dermatitis (FPD) and feces odor. FPD can cause necrotic lesions on the plantar surface of poultry. The main problem of FPD is an increase in the moisture content of the bedding material [3]. When the scale of dermatitis is severe, it causes pain and various behavioral disorders in the chickens, resulting in economic disadvantages [4,5]. Livestock manure contains a large amount of organic matter, it is rapidly decomposed and causes odor [6]. Odor compounds include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile fatty acids, which harm the livestock housing environment and poultry welfare [7]. These noxious gas emissions are affected by stocking density, feed composition, litter moisture and management, etc. [6].
Dietary exogenous enzymes in broiler feed can increase body weight gain and reduce feed conversion [8]. Also, the feeding of supplemental xylanase reduced excreta ammonia and mercaptan, which had a positive effect on the broiler houses [9]. According to Gong et al [10], B. subtilis natto, B. licheniformis, and B. cereus were reported to improve growth performance by increasing body weight gain. B. amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis have been reported to reduce excreta ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emission in broilers by increasing intestinal nutrient availability and inhibiting odor-causing pathogenic microorganisms [11,12]. In addition, B. subtilis increased the dry matter contents of chicken manure [13], and B. amyloliquefaciens decreased litter moisture contents and FPD under enteric pathogen challenge [14].
These previous studies suggest that enzymes and probiotics improve not only the broiler growth performance but also the FPD and manure odor emissions. On the other hand, metallo-protease is an enzyme that increases the ability to break down proteins in the presence of metal ions and can efficiently hydrolyze various protein substrates and be active at a wide range of pH and temperatures [15]. In addition, B. velezenesis strains have been reported that inhibit the growth of microbial pathogens and can produce bioactive metabolites such as Bacilysin and Bacillomycin-D [16], so these strains have the potential to improve the intestinal environment. These supplementations are expected to provide significant benefits to broiler productivity when used in appropriate amounts. However, the functions of metallo-protease and B. velezenesis strains as feed additives are not known yet, also few studies have been conducted on the effect of these single additives on poultry welfare and productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplemental metallo-protease or B. velezensis CE 100 on growth performance, intestinal microflora, litter quality, FPD, and manure odor in broiler chickens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All animal experiment procedure was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chonnam National University, Republic Korea (Approval number: CNU IACUC-YB-2020-113).

Birds and productivity

A total of 110 two-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five groups with two replicate pens. The dietary treatments were divided to control, metallo-protease (340,000 U/kg) group (A1, added to 0.1%/kg; A2, added to 0.2%/kg) and B. velezensis CE 100 (1×105 CFU/mL) groups (B1, added to 0.5%/kg; B2, added to 1.0%kg). The experiment was divided into 2-phases periods (starter, d 2 to 21; finisher, d 22 to 43) and conducted for total 43 days (Table 1). Broilers were raised in pens (112×127×74 cm; 0.12 m2 per chicks) that flooring is covered with rice husks. According to the manual of Chonnam National University livestock breeding facility, the light was provided 24 hours until the age of 1 week, and periods of darkness were provided for 8 hours from the age of 1 week to the end of the experiment. The temperature was 38.0°C in opening day and gradually reduced to 24.0°C until the end of the experiment. The final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. The weight of carcass, proventriculus, gizzard, heart, liver, small intestine, cecum, and rectum were recorded.

Microbial analysis

Cecal contents were collected after slaughter and gradually diluted from 10−1 to 10−8 in 0.9% saline solution. Total bacteria, E. coli, and lactic acid bacteria were incubated in 3M petrifilim AC, EC, and LAB for 48 h at 37°C. Salmonella were incubated in Salmonella-Shigella agar (BD, Difco, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) for 24 h at 37°C. Clostridium perfringens were incubated in Tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar (MB-Cell, Seoul, Korea) for 24 h at 37°C under anaerobic conditions. Microbial colonies of each plate agar were expressed colony-forming units per gram (log10 CFU/g).

Footpad lesion and manure odor

The severity of FPD was scored from all broilers in each pen. The dermatitis score ranged from 0 (no evidence of dermatitis) to 2 (with severe lesion) and calculated the FPD average score per pen [17]. A litter sample of 20 g from each pen (faraway feed and water line) was dried in a dry oven (60°C) for 7 days, and litter moisture contents were measured. In addition, to estimate the litter visual quality per pen, 3 independent observers scored a scale from 10 (fresh and dry) to 0 (very wet) [18].
To evaluate the manure odor, 70 g of excreta from each pen was collected and mixed 30 mL of distilled water. The samples were fermented into a 3 L suction bottle at 24°C for 2 days, and the air was injected at a constant speed (1.3 to 1.5 m/s). After fermentation period, 2 cc of gas was inhaled with a 5 mL syringe. For 4 min, NH3 was measured using a ODNA instrument (Nissha, Japan), and H2S, CH3SH, and (CH3)2S were measured using a ODSA instrument (Japan).

Statistical analysis

All experimental results were processed according to the one-way analysis of variance method of the SAS (Statistics Analytical System, 9.4 Version). The significant differences among the treatment mean were analyzed with a p<0.05 statistical level using Duncan’s multiple tests.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth performance

There was no difference in the final body weight, weight gain, and FCR among all treatments (Table 2). However, the feed intake was decreased in the A1 and B2 groups compared to other treatment groups except for the control (p<0.05).
Metallo-protease results were similar to previous study [19]. However, previous studies reported that supplemental exogenous enzyme (composed of xylanase, protease, amylase) and protease increased body weight gain and decreased FCR [8,20]. In poultry, enzymes can improve the growth rate and digestion efficiency by promoting the chemical breakdown of nutrients [1]. However, inconsistent with previous studies, this present study found no difference in body weight gain and FCR. Therefore, we assumed that metallo-protease did not influence broiler productivity.
B. velezensis CE 100 results were consistent with previous studies [21,22]. However, dietary B. subtilis C-3102 increased body weight gain [23]. Similarly, dietary B. amyloliquefaciens (20 g/kg diet) increased average daily gain, and decreased FCR [11]. Probiotics are dietary supplements composed of beneficial microorganisms, which can improve the intestinal environment and productivity of poultry [2]. In the present study, there was no difference in productivity with the supplement of dietary probiotics. These results seem to be due to feed ingredients, type of strain, and addition levels.

Carcass characteristics

The carcass, gizzard, heart, small intestine, and rectum weights were not different in all treatments (Table 3). The liver weight was lower in the B2 group than the A2 group (p<0.05). The proventriculus weight was significantly increased in the B1 group than in the A1 and B2 groups (p<0.05).
Dietary protease increased the liver weight and decreased the heart weight [19]. However, exogenous enzyme (composed of xylanase, protease, and amylase) decreased the liver weight [8]. In this study, metallo-protease fed groups were no difference in carcass parameters. The organ weight of broilers is affected by the variety and addition level of enzyme, and the effect of metallo-protease on carcass parameters is considered insignificant.
The results of B. velezensis CE 100 were partially consistent with previous studies in which dietary Bacillus strains were fed [21,24]. In poultry, the liver performs various metabolic functions and is a central organ for nutrient digestion [25]. In this study, the liver weight was different between the enzyme group and the probiotics group (Table 3), but there were no significant differences with the control. Based on current results, we considered that the addition of B. velezensis CE 100 does not affect broiler organ weight, including the liver.

Intestinal microflora

As shown in Table 4, the number of total bacteria, E. coli, and C. perfringens were not different in all treatments. The Salmonella was decreased in the A2 group compared to the control and A1 groups (p<0.05). The lactic acid bacteria increased in all treatments (p<0.05).
The gut microflora, which determines immunity and physiological status, is closely related to the productivity of broilers [26]. According to previous study with supplementary protease, there was no significant difference between Lactobacillus, a member of lactic acid bacteria [20]. In addition, Nian et al [27] reported that dietary xylanase increased salmonella in cecum. Bedford [28] suggested that exogenous enzymes can improve the digestibility of young poultry and indirectly change the intestinal microflora. In contrast, the metallo-protease in our study seems to have a positive effect on the intestinal environment by inhibiting salmonella, a harmful bacteria, and enhancing lactic acid bacteria.
The results of B. velezensis CE 100 on the intestinal microflora were partially consistent with previous studies [23,24]. However, the addition of B. amyloliquefaciens KB3 and B. coagulans produced no significant difference in the number of Lactobacillus and lactic acid bacteria [11,21]. Probiotics composed of Bacillus strains have a beneficial effect on the poultry gut, and can improve intestinal lactic acid bacteria population [24]. Moreover, B. velezensis strains have been reported to inhibit the growth of microbial pathogens [16]. Overall, B. velezensis CE 100 may create an environment where lactic acid bacteria can inhabit, and it is considered that there is no negative response on the broiler gut microbiota.

Litter quality and footpad lesion scores

From the results in Table 5, the litter moisture contents were decreased in the A2, B1, and B2 groups (p<0.05), and the B2 group was significantly the lowest (p<0.05). The litter quality visual score increased in all treatment groups compared to the control (p<0.05). FPD prevalence and average score were decreased in all treatment groups (p<0.05).
Footpad dermatitis is a necrotic lesion that occurs on the plantar surface of poultry and negatively affects animal welfare and productivity. Occurrences of FPD are related with housing conditions, breeding management, stocking density, etc., but the leading cause is the litter moisture contents [4,5]. Previous studies reported that litter moisture contents and incidence of FPD were not significantly different with the addition of supplementary enzymes [29,30]. The low-crude protein diet significantly reduced litter moisture by 6.5% compared to the high-crude protein diet [12]. This previous research supports our findings that metallo-protease improves litter quality and FPD incidence. In addition, compared to other proteases, metallo-protease can efficiently hydrolyze a wide range of protein substrates [15]. Therefore, it is speculated that metallo-protease has the potential to enhance litter quality and decrease FPD prevalence by increasing the crude protein breakdown.
In the enteric pathogen challenge, B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 improved litter quality and decreased the FPD severity score [14], also combination of three types B. subtilis and xylanase might reduce foot-pad lesion [22]. Bacillus spp. might help maintain the integrity of broiler gut through competitive exclusion, and it is associated with improved litter quality [14]. In addition, the excreta dry matter content increased when supplementary B. subtilis was fed to laying hens [13]. Collectively, B. velezensis CE 100 has a positive influence on the intestinal environment, which might contribute to reducing the litter moisture and severe FPD.

Manure odor emission

As indicated in Table 6, there were no difference in the NH3, H2S, and CH3SH emissions among all treatments, but the (CH3)2S emission was decreased in all supplementary groups (p<0.05).
Several studies on enzymes showed that non-starch polysaccharide multi-enzyme and protease significantly reduced NH3 emission, but H2S and CH3SH emissions were not different [20,31]. This research was partially inconsistent with this study. On the other hand, the results for B. velezensis CE 100 were similar [12], who found that there was no significant difference CH3SH and (CH3)2S emissions when dietary probiotics composed of three B. subtilis strains. However, other research indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens KB3 and B. subtilis decreased NH3 and H2S emissions [11,23].
Odor compounds were decreased with an increasing number of intestinal lactic acid bacteria and gut nutrient digestibility [9,11]. In addition, litter moisture contents and type of bedding material might affect the amount of odor emissions [12]. However, all supplementary groups increased the number of cecum lactic acid bacteria (Table 4) and litter moisture contents decreased (Table 5). Therefore, it is presumed that factors other than the variety of feed supplementation, gut microbiota, and litter moisture can affect the amount of manure odor.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, supplementary metallo-protease and B. velezensis CE 100 reduced intestinal Salmonella or increased lactic acid bacteria, which improved the gut environment. Also, these additives reduced the moisture in the flooring, lowering the incidence of FPD. These findings imply that dietary metallo-protease and B. velezensis CE 100 have the potential to improve broiler chickens’ welfare.

Notes

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.

FUNDING

The authors received no financial support for this article.

Table 1
The feed formula and chemical composition of starter and finisher period of broiler diet
Items Starter period Finisher period
Ingredients (%)
 Corn 48.32 55.49
 Wheat grain 7.00 5.00
 Wheat flour 3.00 5.00
 Soybean meal 26.00 17.00
 Rapeseed meal 1.00 2.00
 Corn gluten 3.00 4.00
 DDGS 6.50 6.50
 Tallow 1.50 1.25
 Limestone 1.80 1.74
 Tricalcium phosphate 1.00 1.17
 Salt 0.15 0.22
 Methionine 0.20 0.13
 Lysine 0.18 0.15
 Vitamin mixture1) 0.20 0.20
 Mineral mixture2) 0.15 0.15
 Total 100.0 100.0
Calculate nutrients
 ME (Mcal/kg) 3.00 3.05
 Crude protein (%) 20.0 18.0
 Crude fat (%) 4.0 4.5
 Crude fiber (%) 6.0 6.0
 Crude ash (%) 8.0 8.0
 Ca (%) 0.80 0.75
 Available P (%) 1.50 1.50

DDGS, dry distillers grains with solubles; ME, metabolizable energy.

1) Provided vitamin mixture in broiler feed: vitamin A 18,000 mg; vitamin D 4,400 mg; vitamin E 60.0 mg; vitamin K 4.0 mg; vitamin B1 0.4 mg; vitamin B2 10.4 mg.

2) Provided mineral mixture in broiler feed: Fe 67.5 mg; Cu 6.75 mg; Mn 97.5 mg; Zn 90 mg; Se 0.195 mg; I 1.2 mg.

Table 2
Effects of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 addition for overall period on growth performance in broilers (g)
Item Treatment1)

Control A1 A2 B1 B2
Overall period (d 9 to 43)
 Final body weight 2,874.61±70.80 2,887.27±65.59 3,032.55±85.27 2,955.90±76.22 3,005.62±75.25
 Body weight gain 2,764.17±70.06 2,781.82±64.27 2,924.00±83.69 2,847.52±74.83 2,896.48±73.56
 Feed intake 4,858.31±43.55ab 4,780.00±23.01b 4,911.09±40.39a 4,916.37±0.56a 4,821.57±5.14b
 FCR (g/g) 1.78±0.04 1.74±0.04 1.71±0.05 1.75±0.05 1.69±0.04

FCR, feed conversion ratio.

1) A1, 0.1% metallo-protease added to feed; A2, 0.2% metallo-protease added to feed; B1, 0.5% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed; B2, 1.0% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed.

a,b Values with different superscripts within same row are significantly different (p<0.05).

Table 3
Effects of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 addition on carcass and organ weight in broiler chickens (g/100 g BW)
Item Treatment1)

Control A1 A2 B1 B2
Carcass weight (g) 2,394.25±65.34 2,387.00±135.61 2,537.00±126.66 2,305.50±184.28 2,361.50±129.9
Proventriculus 0.46±0.07ab 0.35±0.04b 0.45±0.03ab 0.59±0.05a 0.41±0.03b
Gizzard 1.65±0.22 1.70±0.11 1.35±0.2 1.53±0.23 1.75±0.29
Heart 0.64±0.07 0.59±0.05 0.60±0.06 0.58±0.05 0.6±0.03
Liver 2.25±0.03ab 1.99±0.06ab 2.29±0.14a 1.99±0.13ab 1.94±0.10b
Small intestine 2.56±0.27 2.45±0.22 2.84±0.08 2.94±0.27 2.71±0.21
Cecum 0.43±0.07 0.47±0.05 0.47±0.07 0.52±0.07 0.44±0.03
Rectum 0.12±0.00 0.12±0.02 0.17±0.02 0.16±0.01 0.12±0.01

BW, body weight.

1) A1, 0.1% metallo-protease added to feed; A2, 0.2% metallo-protease added to feed; B1, 0.5% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed; B2, 1.0% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed.

a,b Values with different superscripts within same row are significantly different (p<0.05).

Table 4
Effects of dietary Metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 on intestinal microflora in broiler chickens (log10 cfu/g)
Item Treatment1)

Control A1 A2 B1 B2
Total bacteria 7.84±0.16 8.15±0.11 8.22±0.25 8.05±0.17 7.98±0.13
E. coli 6.87±0.18 6.89±0.13 7.27±0.29 7.00±0.20 7.07±0.23
Salmonella 2.60±0.13a 2.67±0.10a 1.46±0.44b 2.15±0.38ab 1.99±0.35ab
C. perfrignens 1.43±0.24 1.61±0.42 1.29±0.36 1.26±0.29 1.16±0.27
Lactic acid bacteria 7.39±0.08c 8.26±0.13a 7.80±0.08b 8.35±0.11a 7.85±0.03b

cfu, colony-forming unit.

1) A1, 0.1% metallo-protease added to feed; A2, 0.2% metallo-protease added to feed; B1, 0.5% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed; B2, 1.0% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed.

a–c Values with different superscripts within same row are significantly different (p<0.05).

Table 5
Effects of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 on litter moisture and footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens
Item Treatment1)

Control A1 A2 B1 B2
Litter moisture (%) 51.11±0.99b 53.72±0.57a 48.23±0.57c 39.04±1.10d 29.91±1.06e
Litter quality visual score 2.22±0.47c 4.28±0.54b 4.56±0.25b 7.11±0.24a 7.33±0.17a
FPD prevalence (%) 69.64±5.43a 24.72±7.62b 22.50±3.70b 16.94±9.02b 21.39±10.80b
FPD average score 0.93±0.18a 0.45±0.22b 0.32±0.14b 0.17±0.08b 0.22±0.10b

FPD, footpad dermatitis.

1) A1, 0.1% metallo-protease added to feed; A2, 0.2% metallo-protease added to feed; B1, 0.5% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed; B2, 1.0% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed.

a–e Values with different superscripts within same row are significantly different (p<0.05).

Table 6
Effects of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 on noxious gas emission in broiler chickens
Item Treatment1)

Control A1 A2 B1 B2
NH3 (ppm) 27.70±0.62 27.06±1.15 29.68±0.57 27.88±0.96 27.51±0.47
H2S (ppb) 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.48±0.48
CH3SH (ppb) 0.45±0.45 0.68±0.68 0.87±0.55 1.68±0.81 0.00±0.00
(CH3)2S (ppb) 12.63±4.82a 1.38±1.38b 0.68±0.68b 3.62±1.22b 0.00±0.00b

1) A1, 0.1% metallo-protease added to feed; A2, 0.2% metallo-protease added to feed; B1, 0.5% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed; B2, 1.0% B. velezensis CE 100 added to feed.

a,b Values with different superscripts within same row are significantly different (p<0.05).

REFERENCES

1. Gadde U, Kim WH, Oh ST, Lillehoj HS. Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Anim Health Res Rev 2017;18:26–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252316000207
crossref pmid
2. Al-Khalaifah HS. Benefits of probiotics and/or prebiotics for antibiotic-reduced poultry. Poult Sci 2018;97:3807–15. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey160
crossref pmid
3. Martland MF. Wet litter as a cause of plantar pododermatitis, leading to foot ulceration and lameness in fattening turkeys. Avian Pathol 1984;13:241–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079458408418528
crossref pmid
4. Shepherd EM, Fairchild BD. Footpad dermatitis in poultry. Poult Sci 2010;89:2043–51. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00770
crossref pmid
5. Swiatkiewicz S, Arczewska-Wlosek A, Jozefiak D. The nutrition of poultry as a factor affecting litter quality and foot pad dermatitis – an updated review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017;101:e14–e20. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12630
crossref pmid
6. Wang YC, Han MF, Jia TP, et al. Emissions, measurement, and control of odor in livestock farms: a review. Sci Total Environ 2021;776:145735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145735
crossref pmid
7. Wathes CM, Kristensen HH. Ammonia and poultry welfare: a review. Worlds Poult Sci J 2000;56:236–45. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20000018
crossref
8. Alagawany M, Attia AI, Ibrahim ZA, Mahmoud RA, El-Sayed SA. The effectiveness of dietary sunflower meal and exogenous enzyme on growth, digestive enzymes, carcass traits, and blood chemistry of broilers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2017;24:12319–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8934-4
crossref
9. Liu WC, Kim IH. Metabolism and nutrition: Effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on performance and functional digestive parameters in broilers fed wheat-based diets. Poult Sci 2017;96:566–73. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew258
crossref pmid
10. Gong L, Wang B, Mei X, et al. Effects of three probiotic Bacillus on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidative capacity, serum immunity, and biochemical parameters in broilers. Anim Sci J 2018;89:1561–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13089
crossref pmid
11. Ahmed ST, Islam MM, Mun HS, Sim HJ, Kim YJ, Yang CJ. Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a probiotic strain on growth performance, cecal microflora, and fecal noxious gas emissions of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014;93:1963–71. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03718
crossref pmid
12. Sharma NK, Choct M, Dunlop MW, Wu SB, Castada HZ, Swick RA. Characterisation and quantification of changes in odorants from litter headspace of meat chickens fed diets varying in protein levels and additives. Poult Sci 2017;96:851–60. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew309
crossref pmid
13. Ribeiro V, Albino LFT, Rostagno HS, et al. Effects of the dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis levels on performance, egg quality and excreta moisture of layers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014;195:142–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.001
crossref
14. De Oliveira MJK, Sakomura NK, De Paula Dorigam JC, Doranalli K, Soares L, Viana GDS. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 alone or in combination with antibiotic growth promoters improves performance in broilers under enteric pathogen challenge. Poult Sci 2019;98:4391–400. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez223
crossref pmid pmc
15. Kwak JG, Lee KE, Maeng JS, et al. Biochemical and genetic characterization of arazyme, an extracellular metalloprotease produced from Serratia proteamaculans HY-3. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007;17:761–8.
pmid
16. Rabbee MF, Sarafat Ali M, Choi J, Hwang BS, Jeong SC, Baek KH. Bacillus velezensis: A valuable member of bioactive molecules within plant microbiomes. Molecules 2019;24:1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061046
crossref pmid pmc
17. Riber AB, Rangstrup-Christensen L, Hansen MS, Hinrichsen LK, Herskin MS. Characterisation of footpad lesions in organic and conventional broilers. Animal 2020;14:119–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001551
crossref pmid
18. Dersjant-Li Y, Van De Belt K, Van Der Klis JD, Kettunen H, Rinttilä T, Awati A. Effect of multi-enzymes in combination with a direct-fed microbial on performance and welfare parameters in broilers under commercial production settings. J Appl Poult Res 2015;24:80–90. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv003
crossref
19. Erdaw MM, Perez-Maldonado RA, Iji PA. Supplementation of broiler diets with high levels of microbial protease and phytase enables partial replacement of commercial soybean meal with raw, full-fat soybean. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018;102:755–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12876
crossref pmid
20. Park JH, Kim IH. Effects of a protease and essential oils on growth performance, blood cell profiles, nutrient retention, ileal microbiota, excreta gas emission, and breast meat quality in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2018;97:2854–60. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey151
crossref pmid
21. Al-Khalaifa H, Al-Nasser A, Al-Surayee T, et al. Effect of dietary probiotics and prebiotics on the performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019;98:4465–79. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez282
crossref pmid
22. Flores C, Williams M, Pieniazek J, Dersjant-Li Y, Awati A, Lee JT. Direct-fed microbial and its combination with xylanase, amylase, and protease enzymes in comparison with AGPs on broiler growth performance and foot-pad lesion development. J Appl Poult Res 2016;25:328–37. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw016
crossref
23. Jeong JS, Kim IH. Effect of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, noxious gas emission, and intestinal microflora in broilers. Poult Sci 2014;93:3097–103. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2014-04086
crossref pmid
24. Sugiharto S, Yudiarti T, Isroli I, Widiastuti E, Wahyuni HI. Hematological parameters and selected intestinal microbiota populations in the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chickens fed basal diet supplemented with multi-strain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals. Vet World 2018;11:874–82. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.874-882
crossref pmid pmc
25. Zaefarian F, Abdollahi MR, Cowieson A, Ravindran V. Avian liver: The forgotten organ. Animals 2019;9:63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9020063
crossref pmid pmc
26. Kim MJ, Ingale SL, Hosseindoust A, Choi YH, Kim KY, Chae BJ. Synergistic effect of exogenous multi-enzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets. Anim Biosci 2021;34:1365–74. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0663
crossref pmid pmc
27. Nian F, Guo YM, Ru YJ, Péron A, Li FD. Effect of xylanase supplementation on the net energy for production, performance and gut microflora of broilers fed corn/soy-based diet. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2011;24:1282–7. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10441
crossref
28. Bedford MR. Exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition - Their current value and future benefits. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000;86:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00155-3
crossref
29. Cengiz Ö, Hess JB, Bilgili SF. Feed enzyme supplementation does not ameliorate foot pad dermatitis in broiler chickens fed on a corn-soyabean diet. Br Poult Sci 2012;53:401–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2012.711467
crossref pmid
30. Nagaraj M, Hess JB, Bilgili SF. Evaluation of a feed-grade enzyme in broiler diets to reduce pododermatitis. J Appl Poult Res 2007;16:52–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.1.52
crossref
31. Sun HY, Kim IH. Effects of multi-enzyme on production performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, and excreta noxious gas emission of early phase Hy-line brown hens. Poult Sci 2019;98:4889–95. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez237
crossref pmid


Editorial Office
Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies(AAAP)
Room 708 Sammo Sporex, 23, Sillim-ro 59-gil, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08776, Korea   
TEL : +82-2-888-6558    FAX : +82-2-888-6559   
E-mail : editor@animbiosci.org               

Copyright © 2024 by Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies.

Developed in M2PI

Close layer
prev next