INTRODUCTION
Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin containing sulfur that is an essential nutrient for the growth of animals [1]. It is covalently bound to a lysine residue of the carboxylase protein in methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A (MCC), carboxylase acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) [2]. As a covalently bound coenzyme of carboxylases, it participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins and nucleic acids [3]. Research shows that a biotin-deficient diet decreases lymphocyte PCC activity and the total protein (TP) expression level of biotin-dependent carboxylases, such as MCC and PCC [4]. Biotin plays an essential role in skin formation, maintenance and repair as a coenzyme for many carboxylases in protein synthesis and fatty acid metabolism [5]. In broiler commercial conditions, more biotin is required to reduce contact dermatitis rather than to only support growth [6]. For fur animals, insufficient biotin intake not only affects animal growth, but also affects skin morphology, hair growth and quality [7]. An in vitro study showed that biotin was important in maintaining the viability of isolated sheer secondary hair follicles [5], where supplementation increased the proportion of follicles continuing to grow and biotin deficiency reduced the proliferation of basal keratinocytes [8]. A study from our group showed that supplementation of 10 mg/d rumen-protected biotin (RPB) per goat increased the cashmere growth rate during the cashmere fiber growing period [9]. These results demonstrated potential benefits of biotin and indicated that it may be more pronounced in cashmere goats.
Biotin is broadly distributed in plant feed with lower contents. Due to its wide presence in plants and the microbial synthesis of ruminants, it is generally assumed that biotin deficiency rarely occurs in ruminants. The typical symptoms of biotin deficiency are hair loss, dermatitis, and neuropathy in animals. Distinct signs of acute biotin deficiency are rare in ruminants, while marginal biotin deficiency may has a widespread occurrence. The growth performance and cashmere yield of contemporary cashmere goats is much higher than decades ago, and nutrient requirements of these animals have increased to support higher production, thus supply of biotin of rumen microbial origin may not have kept pace. Studies have demonstrated supplemental biotin exerts beneficial effects on hoof health and integrity [10,11], milk production [12], protein yield and dry matter intake (DMI) [13]. Although studies have evaluated benefits of biotin on production of cows and other animals, few have investigated the biotin requirement in cashmere goats. The need for biotin depends on dietary factors that influence biotin synthesis and degradation [14]. We hypothesized that feeding RPB in the diet of dolings with rapid growth of body and cashmere fibers by correcting an insufficiency in the biotin at the intestinal absorptive site.
The Liaoning cashmere goat is a major cashmere goat breed raised in northeastern China, and is famous for its high net cashmere rate and cashmere yield [15]. Unlike wool and mohair, cashmere growth is seasonal [16]. Given the seasonal growth of cashmere fiber, biotin requirements for cashmere goats are relatively high during the fast growth period of cashmere, that is, from August to November. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effects of RPB on the growth performance and nutrient digestion and to assess a panel of blood indicators of biotin status in Liaoning cashmere goats during the cashmere fiber growing period, as well as evaluating long-term persistency of their effects. To achieve these aims, we used twin doelings as paired experimental animals to retain the same individual genetic background.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All animals used in this study were cared for strictly in accordance with the Chinese Guidelines for Animal Welfare and all procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee of Shenyang Agricultural University (Shenyang, China) under approval number: 201801018.
Animals, periods, and diets
The study was 16 weeks in length, with two 8-week periods, subsequent to 2 week pre-feeding period. Sixteen twin Liaoning cashmere doelings with an initial body weight (BW) of 24.8±1.20 kg and age of 6 months were used. The twin goats were randomly assigned to two groups. Doelings were housed in individual wooden pens with slotted wooden floors in an open-sided barn and had daily exercise. During weeks 7 and 15, goats resided in metabolism cages for 2 d of adaptation before being placed in sixteen metabolism cages for 5 days.
The basal diet was a complete mixture of 30% concentrate and 70% forage (Table 1). Two groups of animals received the basal diet without (control) or with 10 mg/d per animal of RPB (Beijing Feedig Feed Sci. & Tec. Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). The RPB contained 1% biotin and was produced by microencapsulation technology with D-biotin is covered with multiple layers of coating hydrogenated fat as wall material by freezing spray method. Diets were offered twice daily at 0800 and 1600 hours at ~110% of consumption on the preceding few days after refusals were collected and weighed. All animals had free access to water.
Measurements
The BW and several linear measures were determined at the beginning, middle, and end of the experiment. The average daily gain (ADG) in each period was determined based on the initial and final BWs. Average DMI (g/d) during the experiment was determined from the actual daily feed intake and calculated based on average BW and BW0.75 during the experiment. Linear measures were the length from the point of the shoulder to the hook bone (Hook) and pin bone (Pin), the circumference from heart girth (Heart), the height at the withers (Withers), and the width at the hook bones (Rump). There were 3 body mass index (BMI) calculated as noted below.
Feed was sampled every two days and biweekly composite samples of feedstuffs were formed. Feed refusals were weighed daily and sampled during the 5-day digestibility period. Total feces and urine collections and sampling was determined for 5 days in 0.6 m×1.2 m metabolism cages in weeks 7 and 15. Feces were collected in plastic-screen baskets placed under the floor of the metabolism cages to keep feces and urine separate, and urine was collected with a funnel draining into plastic buckets containing 10 mL of 10% (vol/vol) of sulfuric acid. Approximately 10% of feces and urine, and approximately 40 g of orts were sampled daily and used to form composite samples for each goat. All samples were stored at −20°C until analysis. Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture into heparinized tubes every 4 weeks in the morning before feeding. Plasma was harvested by centrifugation at 3,000×g and 4°C for 20 min and stored at −20°C until analysis.
Laboratory analysis
Samples of feed, feed refusals, and feces were ground to pass a 1-mm screen after drying in a forced-air oven at 55°C for 48 h. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), nitrogen, and ether extract (EE) concentration [17]. The neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were determined using an ANKOM200 Fiber Analyzer (filter bag technique; ANKOM Technology Corp., Macedon, NY, USA), with the addition of a heat-stable α-amylase and sodium sulfite [18]. Plasma TP, urea nitrogen (urea-N), glucose, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) were measured using a spectrophotometer (Ao Yi A360; Shanghai, China) following the instructions of the kit’s manufacturer (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). The concentrations of PCC and methylmalonyl-CoA (M-CoA) were measured by means of the Konelab TM auto analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Oy, Vantaa, Finland), using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test assay kit (Beijing Huaying Biotechnology Research Institute, Beijing, China).
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model with SPSS 19.0 statistical software (Statistical Package for Social Science; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The fixed effects were treatment, period, and treatment × period, with repeated measures of period and random effect of animal within treatment. Different covariance structures were compared via paired t-test and the statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
Animal growth performance
Productive performances, either evaluated at the end of each feeding period or for the entire experimental period, are reported in Table 2. Compared with that of the control group, the ADG of the RPB group increased by 10.94% (p< 0.05), and the DMI increased (p = 0.07). BW (p = 0.321) and the ratio of feed-to gain ratio (F:G) (p = 0.228) did not differ between treatments. Animals during period 2 showed higher ADG (p<0.035) and DMI (p<0.001) than those in period 1. The means of linear measures and BMI of cashmere goats were similar in both groups at initial and finial of a 16 weeks test except initial body trunk index (Table 3), and not affected by dietary treatment (Table 4). Animals during period 2 showed higher linear measures (p<0.05) than those in period 1.
Intake and digestion during feces collection
For the 5 days when feces were collected, there were some increasing tendencies for the intake of DM and EE (p = 0.070 and 0.070, respectively) and a decrease in the intake of ADF (p = 0.088), and intake of NDF was increased with a p-value of 0.045 (Table 5). However, the digested intake and total tract digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF, and EE were not affected by dietary treatment (Table 5). The intake of DM, NDF, ADF, and EE was greater for period 2 than for period 1 (p<0.001).
Nitrogen retention
There were some increasing tendencies for intake (g/d), digestibility (g/d), and digestibility (%) of N (p = 0.062, 0.059, and 0.093, respectively) (Table 6). Fecal excretion of N (g/d) was not affected by dietary treatment, but the percentage of N intake was decreased in the RPB group compared with the control group (p = 0.093). However, urinary N excretion (g/d and percentage of N intake) was not affected by dietary treatment. N retention tended to increase (g/d, p = 0.084; percentage of N intake, p = 0.087) with the addition of RPB to the diet. The total intake of N and fecal excretion of N were greater for period 2 than for period 1 (p<0.001).
Blood measures
Plasma total protein was increased (p = 0.037) and the urea-N concentration was decreased (p = 0.049) in the RPB diet group compared with the control diet group (Table 7). The concentrations of plasma glucose, TGs, and TC were not affected by dietary treatments. The levels of PCC (p<0.001) and M-CoA (p = 0.013) were increased in RPB group.
DISCUSSION
Supplementation RPB for 16 weeks increased ADG and the digestible N by 10.94% and 8.5% respectively, compared with the control group. The positive effect of the RPB was probably due to increases in metabolic efficiencies in protein and energy metabolism [14]. For the physiological function of biotin is mainly related to the intermediary metabolism, including a series of carboxylation processes, et., PC, PCC, and M-CoA carboxylase [19]. This is consistent with biotin supplementation research in non-ruminant species, that biotin significantly increased BW losses in laying hens [20]. The weight gain of mink kits also was better in fed a balanced diet with 0.1 mg/kg DM biotin than that of animals fed a low-biotin diet without biotin [7]. These results could be interpreted to that the mechanism of action of supplemental B vitamins is to facilitate increased effciency of metabolic function, and likely be accompanied by increased DMI [21]. Two periods of measurements separated by 8 weeks and a total experiment length of 16 weeks in the present experiment, the lack of interaction between treatment and period in measures of growth performance and others indicating long term effects of RPB over time. The ADG, DMI, and body parameters in period 2 were greater than those in period 1 because of the greater BW and age of the goats.
In studies of this nature in which RPB diets are compared with a control diet, the effects of RPB on digestibility be definitively determined because there are no differences in other characteristics. The apparent total tract DM, NDF, ADF, and EE digestibilities were not affected by biotin supplementation, but N digestibility and retention tended to be improved by RPB. Supplemental biotin had no effect on the apparent total tract DM, organic matter, and NDF digestibilities, which was also reported by Majee et al [13]. Zimmerly and Weiss [12] suggested that biotin may increase milk yield through increased total tract digestibility. The positive N utilization responses to biotin supplementation may be partially due to increased microbial growth or carboxylase activities. However, as there is little information about biotin requirements, dietary supplies, ruminal synthesis and duodenal flows of biotin in ruminants. About effects of biotin supply on nutrients digestive and metabolic efficiency in ruminants still need more research.
In the present experiment, supplementation with biotin increased the plasma total protein and decreased the plasma urea-N levels. Similarly, Girard and Desrochers [22] observed that supplementation with biotin and vitamin B12 decreased the release of ammonia across portal-drained viscera and the arterial concentrations of urea-N. Bonomi et al [23] observed no effect of RPB supplements on blood concentrations of urea-N. Absorbed ammonia is mostly from microbial fermentation of dietary protein, although some of it is derived from urea transferred to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract via blood and saliva or tissue metabolism [24]. In the current experiment, because the intake and digestible N tended to differ between treatments, differences in TP, in spite of an increased removal of urea-N by the gastrointestinal tract, demonstrated that the biotin supplement altered nitrogen metabolism compared with that of goats fed no biotin supplements. This decreased plasma urea-N could be caused by either an increased utilization for protein synthesis or, in contrast, a reduced ruminal degradation of dietary proteins. No direct role of biotin in protein metabolism is known [25].
Similar to most studies [26,27], the present study observed no effect on plasma glucose with biotin supplementation, but some studies have observed an increase [23]. Research has indicated that a large proportion of propionate is metabolized in the rumen wall, where it enters the gluconeogenic pathway, drastically reducing glucose utilization by gastrointestinal tissues and leaving more glucose available for other tissues [22]. Biotin is involved in gluconeogenesis through which amino acids are deaminated for glucose production. In addition to its role in maintaining normal blood glucose concentrations, glucose is utilized as an energy source. Biotin functions in glucose and lipid homeostasis by regulating the expression of genes needed in the regulation of intermediary metabolism [28].
Serum TG and TC concentrations are considered important diagnostic indicators of lipid metabolism. Marshall et al [29] reported a negative correlation between biotin levels and total plasma lipids in healthy individuals. El-Katcha et al [20] also found that blood serum TC and TG were non-significantly altered by biotin use. In accordance with the current experiment, the addition of RPB to the diet had no effect on plasma TP and TC concentrations of cashmere goats compared with goats fed the diet without biotin.
Biotin is a cofactor for microbial enzymes involved in propionic acid synthesis and is also present in carboxylase-containing enzymes that are critical for metabolic roles in mammals. The continuous catalysis of PCC and M-CoA is necessary for propionate entry into the Krebs cycle to provide energy [30]. In the metabolism of amino acids, valine, methionine, isoleucine and threonine, also undergo conversion through the propionyl CoA pathway. Biotin binds to a lysine residue located on the biotin carboxyl carrier protein domain of PCC (the biotin dependent carboxylase enzyme). The lysine-bound biotin moiety is then used to transfer a carbon dioxide molecule to acceptor molecules (i.e., M-CoA) [19]. When the availability of biotin is low, PCC activity is reduced, and conversion of propionyl-CoA to M-CoA is decreased. Midla et al [31] reasoned that biotin supplementation in dairy cows might lead to an increased capacity of biotin-dependent carboxylase enzymes. In this study, RPB supplementation increased the levels of plasma PCC and M-CoA, presumably correlating with enhance the utilization of N the increased of ADG in cashmere goats, but more elaborate studies should be conducted to better understand their dynamic roles in growth performance.
CONCLUSION
Supplementation of 10 mg/d RPB to the diet increased daily weight gain and plasma total protein, while decreased blood urea-N during the cashmere fiber growing period of cashmere goats. Rumen-protected biotin showed a decreasing trend in the percentage of dietary N excreted in feces, indicating an improved apparent total tract digestibility of dietary crude protein and retention N. Goats with RPB had a higher activity of PCC and M-CoA. Overall, the 10 mg/d RPB to the diet seems to benefit cashmere goats to meet their specific needs.
PDF Links
PubReader
ePub Link
Full text via DOI
Full text via PMC
Download Citation
Print
