1. Shao T, Ohba N, Shimojo M, Masuda Y. Dynamics of early fermentation of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2002;15:1606–10.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.1606
2. Shao T, Zhang ZX, Shimojo M, Wang T, Masuda Y. Comparison of fermentation characteristics of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and Guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) during the early stage of ensiling. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2005;18:1727–34.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.1727
3. Ertekin İ, Atış İ, Yılmaz Ş. The effects of different organic fertilizers on forage yield and quality of some vetch species. MKU J Agric Sci 2020;25:243–55.
https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.739805
4. Lv R, El-Sabagh M, Obitsu T, Sugino T, Kurokawa Y, Kawamura K. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and harvesting stage on photosynthetic pigments and phytol contents of Italian ryegrass silage. Anim Sci J 2017;88:1513–22.
https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12810
6. Simić A, Vučković S, Kresović M, Vrbničanin S, Božić D. Changes of crude protein content in Italian ryegrass influenced by spring nitrogen pplication. Biotechnol Anim Husb 2009;25:1171–9.
7. Kunelius T, Boswall P. Producing annual ryegrasses for pasture, silage and seed. Canada: Agriculture and Forestry Farm Extension Services; 2009.
8. Yu-lan LV, Wang YQ, Yang B, Yang Y, Zhang XF. Effects of nitrogen fertilizing on the leaf chlorophyll content and fresh forage yield of (Lolium multiflorum cv. Tetragold). Baoshan, China: Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; 2013.
10. Ertekin İ, Kızılşimşek M. Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculation in pre-harvesting period on fermentation and feed quality properties of alfalfa silage. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2020;33:245–53.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0801
11. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 1956;28:350–6.
12. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official method of analysis. 15th edWashington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 1990. p. 66–8.
13. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Hortwitz W, Latimer GW, editorsOfficial methods of analysis of AOAC Int. 18th edGaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC Int; 2007.
14. Robertson JB, Van Soest PJ. Dietary fibre estimation in concentrate feedstuffs. J Anim Sci 1977;45:Suppl254. (Abstr.)
17. Van Dyke NJ, Anderson PM. Interpreting a forage analysis. Alabama Cooperative Extension, Circular 2002;ANR-890.
18. Heeren JAH, Podesta SC, Hatew B, et al. Rumen degradation characteristics of ryegrass herbage and ryegrass silage are affected by interactions between stage of maturity and nitrogen fertilisation rate. Anim Prod Sci 2014;54:1263–7.
https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14259
19. Kusvuran A. The effects of different nitrogen doses on herbage and seed yields of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. caramba). Afr J Biotechnol 2011;10:12916–24.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.3049
21. Bora SS, Sharma KK, Borah K, Saud RK, Borgohain L. Effect of nitrogen levels and seed rate on quality of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Assam. Forage Res 2020;46:54–7.
22. Cinar S, Ozkurt M, Cetin R. Effects of nitrogen fertilization rates on forage yield and quality of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) in Central Black Sea climatic zone in Turkey. Appl Ecol Environ Res 2020;8:417–32.
https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1801_417432
23. Baldinger L, Baumung R, Zollitsch W, Knaus WF. Italian ryegrass silage in winter feeding of organic dairy cows: forage intake, milk yield and composition. J Sci Food Agric 2011;91:435–42.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4203
24. Assefa G, Ledin I. Effect of variety, soil type and fertiliser on the establishment, growth, forage yield, quality and voluntary intake by cattle of oats and vetches cultivated in pure stands and mixtures. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001;92:95–111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00242-5
25. Atis I, Kokten K, Hatipoglu R, Yilmaz S, Atak M, Can E. Plant density and mixture ratio effects on the competition between common vetch and wheat. Aust J Crop Sci 2012;6:498–505.
26. Atis I, Konuskan O, Duru M, Gozubenli H, Yilmaz S. Effect of harvesting time on yield, composition and forage quality of some forage sorghum cultivars. Int J Agric Biol 2012;14:879–86.
27. Peyraud JL, Astigarraga L, Faverdin P. Digestion of fresh perennial ryegrass fertilized at two levels of nitrogen by lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1997;64:155–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01056-5
28. Astigarraga L, Peyraud JL, Delaby L. Effect of nitrogen fertiliser rate and protein supplementation on the herbage intake and the nitrogen balance of grazing dairy cows. Anim Res 2002;51:279–93.
https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:2002022
29. Pinho RMA, Santos EM, Campos FS, et al. Silages of pearl millet submitted to nitrogen fertilization. Cienc Rural 2014;44:918–24.
30. Valk H, Kappers IE, Tamminga S. In sacco degradation characteristics of organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and crude protein of fresh grass fertilized with different amounts of nitrogen. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1996;63:63–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01024-3
31. Miron J, Solomon R, Adin G, et al. Effects of harvest stage and re-growth on yield, composition, ensilage and in vitro digestibility of new forage sorghum varieties. J Sci Food Agric 2006;86:140–7.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2269
32. Carmi A, Aharoni Y, Edelstein M, et al. Effects of irrigation and plant density on yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of a new forage sorghum variety, Tal, at two maturity stages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006;131:120–33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.02.005
34. Kung L, Shaver RD, Grant RJ, Schmidt RJ. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. J Dairy Sci 2018;101:4020–33.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909
35. Atis I, Duru M, Konuskan O, Gozubenli H. Effects of plant maturity stage on silage quality of some silage sorghum cultivars. J Food Agric Environ 2013;11:534–7.
37. Lale V, Kökten K. Determination of herbage yield and quality of some Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) varieties in Bingol conditions. Trk J Nat Sci 2020;9:Spec Is46–50.
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.762718
38. Costa OAD, Ferreira OGL, da Silva JLS, et al. Yield, structural composition and nutritive characteristics of ryegrass cultivars used to haymaking in lowland soils. Biosci J 2018;34:1232–8.
https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v34n5a2018-39405