INTRODUCTION
In livestock production, feed resources are very important in tropical regions, especially during the dry season. The security of feed is becoming critical in terms of quantity and quality, particularly protein sources which effect productivity performance. Researchers are attempting to find alternative protein sources which may help to increase livestock productivity (Wanapat and Rowlinson, 2007). Soya bean (Glycine max) is an economic crop used for both human and animal feeding. Soybean meal is the by-product of the extraction of soybean oil. It is the most important protein source used to feed farm animals. Soya bean meal is usually standardized commercially to contain 44% or 48% crude protein (CP) (Pond et al., 2005). Many researchers are seeking strategies to improve nutritive value of by-products and local feeds such as cassava chip, rice straw, rice bran, soybean meal, etc. Incorporation of microbial additives such as a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to the diet has become a common practice in ruminant nutrition (Polyorach et al., 2012). It has been widely used for protein production. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms can be considered a suitable host for the production due to the rapid growth of microorganisms and a broader range of materials which may be considered as suitable substrates depending on the microorganism chosen.
The process of protein enrichment of animal feed using microorganisms to improve the nutritional value of animal has been evaluated. Oboh and Akindahinsi (2003) reported that Saccharomyces cerevisae could also be used for enriching cassava products. Boonnop et al. (2009) demonstrated that supplementation of cassava chips with Bakers’ yeast (S. cerevisae) could increase CP from 2.0% to 32.4%. Moreover, Polyorach et al. (2012) reported that yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) could be prepared to increase CP level up to 47%. The effect of YEFECAP as protein source on rumen ecology and ruminant production performance has been evaluated by previous studies of Polyorach et al. (2014a) Boonnop et al. (2010) and Wanapat et al. (2011). The method of upgrading the protein content of soybean meal has been developed. Moreover, LAB are the principal organism involved in the production of fermented feed. It is well known that LAB in fermented feed can exert health benefits for animals (Canibe and Jensen, 2012; Sugiharto et al., 2015).
Fermented milk products are regarded as predominantly lactic fermentations, the frequent occurrence of yeasts and LAB has led to the suggestion that interactions may occur which could influence product characteristics and quality. However, the mechanisms of possible interaction between yeasts and the lactic flora have not been widely studied. Such interaction may produce stimulation or inhibition of growth of one, or both, of the co-cultured strains (Narvhus and Gadaga, 2003). Recently, Polyorach et al. (2014b) has reported that soybean meal nutritive value has been improved with fermented milk using yeast and LAB. Fermented soybean meal with fermented milk product could increase CP from 46.8% to 70.6% while fiber content was decreased compared with unfermented group. Therefore, soybean meal fermented milk (SBMFM) is a potential protein source for ruminant.
However, the use of SBMFM as a protein source for ruminants is still affected by lack of data. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine an optimal cultivation time of populations of yeast and LAB co-culture in fermented milk and the effects of SBMFM supplementation on rumen degradability in beef cattle using nylon bag technique.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fermented milk preparation
Yeast and LAB cultivation was done according to the method of Polyorach et al. (2014b) and in brief was as follows: i) Activated yeast: weighed 20 g of Baker’s yeast into a flask and mixed with 20 g of sugar plus 100 mL of distill water. The mixture was then incubated at room temperature for 1 h (A). ii) Activated LAB: mixed commercial yoghurt 50 g, molasses 25 g and adding distilled water 25 mL, and then incubated at room temperature for 2 h (B). iii) Mixed (A) and (B) with 500 g of raw milk. The fermented milk was sampled at 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-cultivation for determination of yeast and LAB populations using direct counting.
Soybean meal fermented milk production
The SBMFM was prepared by mixing fermented milk (72 h post-cultivation) with soybean meal at proportion of 1 mL: 1 kg (fermented milk product: soybean meal) and fermented for 3 days. The product then was sundried for 2 days and stored in plastic bag.
In situ trial
Animals and dietary treatment: Two rumen fistulated crossbred beef cattle (410±10 kg) were used to determine the effect of SBMFM supplementation on rumen degradation using nylon bag technique according to completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were different levels of SBMFM supplement at 0%, 3%, and 5% of total concentrate substrate. All animals were housed in individual pens and fed rice straw ad libitum with concentrate (14% CP) supplemented at 0.5% body weight. Animals had free access to fresh water and trace mineralized salt. The diets were offered in two equal meals at 7.00 and 16.30 hour for 10 days before the initiation of the in situ experiment.
Nylon bag techniques: Samples were collected, oven-dried at 60°C for 72 h, ground to pass through a 1 mm screen and prepared for in sacco analysis. Ruminal degradation of the feed fractions was determined by the nylon bag technique (Orskov and McDonald, 1979). Bags 7×4 cm in size with a pore size of 38 μm, were used. Three grams of each sample treatments were placed into the bags and tied tightly with nylon thread. Bags were tied to a weighed chain and placed in the ventral rumen sac of steers at approximate 2 h after the morning feeding. All feeds were incubated simultaneously in both steers using duplicates bags per feed at each time point and a blank bag containing no sample for each removal time. Bags of each feed were removed after 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. Immediately after removal from the rumen, the bags were washed with cold tap water until rinsed clear water and oven-dried at 60°C for 72 h. The bags were weighed and residues were removed and then analyzed for dry matter (DM). All bags of feed samples were collected for their corresponding blank. The 0 h incubation samples were washed and dried in similar condition. During each time, ruminal pH and temperature were measured immediately in both cattle using a portable pH and temperature meter from.
Chemical composition analysis
The samples were analyzed for DM, organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), and CP according to AOAC (1990). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined using the method of Goering and Van Soest (1970).
Rumen degradability
The ruminal disappearance characteristics of DM was fitted to the exponential following the procedure described by Orskov and McDonald (1979) and using the NEWAY program (Chen, 1996): p = a+b(1-e−ct); where, p = disappearance (%) of DM from the bags at the time t, a = proportion of immediately soluble faction of DM (g/kg), b = potentially but not immediately degradable fraction (g/kg), c = fractional rate of soluble degradation (%/h) of b and t is the incubation time (h). Solubility of DM were determined similarly by washing of 0 h bags.
The effective degradability (ED) of DM were calculated using the equation shown below: ED = a+b[c/(c+k)]; where k assuming the rate of particulate outflow from the rumen, k, is 0.05 h−1 by equation of Ørskov and McDonald (1979).
Statistical analysis
All data were statistically analyzed according to a completely randomized design using the analysis of variance procedure of SAS (1998). Data were analyzed using the model Yij = μ+Ti+ɛij where Yij is the observation, μ, the overall mean; Ti, effect of treatment (i = 1 to 3); and ɛij, the residual effect. Differences between treatment means were determined by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Supplement level’s trends were analyzed by using orthogonal polynomials. Differences between means with p<0.05 were accepted as representing statistically significant differences.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Kinetics growth of yeast and lactic acid bacteriaco-culture in fermented milk
Kinetics growth of yeast and LAB co-culture in fermented milk are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. The population of yeast was the highest (p<0.01) (6.90 log cell/mL) started from 72 h-post cultivation while LAB started from 48 h-post cultivation (9.67 log cell/mL). Under current study, optimal cultivation time was in agreement with Polyorach et al. (2013) who reported that yeast fermented liquid at 66 h post-cultivation was 3×1011 cell/mL. In addition, Narvhus and Gadaga (2003) also reported that the fermentation of natural fermented milk usually takes 2 to 3 days and if the product is immediately consumed, or kept under refrigeration, then any effect of interaction between yeasts and LAB in the product has to be evident within this short fermentation period. The yeast counts recorded in this study were in similar range to those reported by Mathara et al. (2008) who found yeasts counts of <1.0 to 7.4 log10 cfu/mL. The presence of yeast in traditionally fermented milk products, in varying numbers, has been reported by Kebede et al. (2007). The frequent concurrence of LAB and yeasts has led to the suggestion that there could be interactions that may an influence the product characteristics and quality (Narvhus and Gadaga, 2003).
The fermented milk pH was the highest (p<0.01) at 0 h of cultivation (pH 7.01) and the lowest (p<0.01) was at 96 h post-cultivation (pH 3.4). The decreasing of ruminal pH might be due to the milk fermentation process where LAB ferments the lactose in the milk to lactic acid. Wszolek et al. (2001) reported that fermented milk products utilize a wide variety of microorganisms to produce a wide variety of products in addition to lactic acid including ethanol, free fatty acids, and acetaldehyde. When yeasts grow with LAB in milk, they need either to be able to obtain sufficient energy-giving substrates from the milk components or to be able to avail themselves of metabolites from LAB. S. cerevisiae has been associated with the production of alcohols and other aroma compounds, stimulation of LAB, improvement of nutritional value, and inhibition of undesirable microorganisms (Jespersen, 2003). However, the yeasts present in this product need to be investigated further to establish their exact role in the fermentation process, including their interaction with LAB and their metabolic properties.
Chemical composition of feeds
The chemical compositions of concentrates, SBMFM and soybean meal (SBM) are presented in Table 2. Concentrate diets contained DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF at 89.3%, 95.9% DM, 14.2% DM, 3.3% DM, 16.6% DM and 12.4% DM, respectively. Moreover, SBMFM diets contained DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF at 92.0%, 94.0% DM, 58.9% DM, 6.2% DM, 11.3% DM, and 6.5% DM, respectively. The CP and EE of SBMFM in the present study were increased compared to SBM. These results were consistent with the findings reported by Polyorach et al. (2014b) who showed that when soybean meal was fermented with milk by yeast and LAB the nutritive values of soybean meal, especially CP and EE, were significantly improved. The increase of CP and EE of SBMFM could be due to the effect of microorganisms (yeast and LAB) which could utilize milk and soybean meal and also products from fermented milk. Based on the previous works of Wanapat et al. (2011) and Polyorach et al. (2012, 2013, 2014a), it was reported that yeast could be prepared to increase CP content of cassava chip up to 30% or 47% of DM. Nasseri et al. (2011) and Yamada and Sgarbieri (2005) found that yeast (S. cerevisiae) is rich in protein, soluble fiber, some minerals, and predominantly saturated fatty acids. Therefore, the product of SBMFM could be used as a source of protein for ruminant feeding which could improve productivity and this could increase the economic gains for both dairy farming and fattening cattle.
Ruminal environment
Ruminal pH and temperature in various hours post feeding are shown in Table 3. The average ruminal pH and temperature were 6.5°C and 39.1°C, respectively. Supplementation of SBMFM in the present study changed neither ruminal pH nor temperature. Chanjula et al. (2003) reported that ruminal pH and temperature ranged from 6 to 7 and 39°C, respectively, and were considered to be an optimal range for the microbial activity in the rumen. Change of ruminal pH after one hour post feeding could be due to greater amounts of starch in concentrate diets which may yield greater lactic acid concentration (Kang et al., 2014; 2015) thus a lowered ruminal pH.
Ruminal dry matter disappearance and characteristics
The effects of SBMFM supplementation on degradability characteristics are presented in Figure 2 and Table 4. The finding of current study revealed that the soluble fractions at time zero (a) was linearly (p<0.05) increased with increased supplemental levels and the highest was at 5% of total concentrate substrate supplemented group. Moreover, the potential degradability (a+b) and effective degradability of dry matter (EDDM) were quadratically (p<0.05) increased when increasing supplemental levels while the insoluble degradability fractions (b) and the rate of degradation (c) presented did not affect by treatments. The reason could be the effect of SBMFM as a high quality protein source developed from soybean meal by fermentation with milk and microbes (yeast and LAB) (Polyorach et al., 2014b) on microbial activity and the digestion of N in the rumen. Traore et al. (2010) reported an improvement in feed digestibility and microbial activity when degradable protein was added in the rumen. Faster and more completed digestion of the feed by microbes apparently reduces the fill of the feed in the rumen. Khy et al. (2012) reported that supplementation of protein source (Leucaena leucocephala) at 450 g/h/d could improve voluntary intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation parameters in swamp buffaloes.
Moreover, SBMFM also contained yeast and LAB which improved feed utilization by promoting ruminal microbes. Yeast can promote the growth of cellulolytic bacteria and lactate-utilizing bacteria. Yeast also stimulates bacterial growth through removal of oxygen that occurs in ruminal fluid and in that way prevents oxygen toxicity to the ruminal anaerobes (Chaucheyras-Durand et al., 2008; Doto and Liu, 2011). Jouany (2006) reported that yeast culture could consume oxygen in rumen fluid that enters the rumen by coating with feed particles. Yeast culture, in addition, could provide some of the important nutrients and co-factors (vitamins B) to ruminal microflora. Mosoni et al. (2007) found that proportions of 16S ribosomal RNA of the three main cellulolytic bacterial species (F. succinogenes, R. albus, and R. flavefaciens) increased in the rumen of sheep fed with yeast. Additional of S. cerevisiae leads to increase germination of zoospores from a rumen fungal strain of Neocallimastix frontalis as shown in in vitro study (Chaucheyras-Durand et al., 2008). Wanapat et al. (2013) and Polyorach et al. (2013, 2014a) used yeast to improve the nutritional value of cassava chips (YEFECAP) by increasing ruminal microorganisms and thereby improving nutrient digestibility of ruminants.
In addition, LAB could interact with rumen microorganisms in such a way that their activity is enhanced feed utilization, in a recent study (Khuntia and Chaudhary, 2002), dietary addition of a mixed culture of LAB increased DM intake, weight gain, and DM digestibility in calves. Salawu et al. (2001) found that application of Lactobacillus plantarum to pea-wheat silage increased the rate of nitrogen and NDF degradation in the rumen. Malik and Sharma (1998) inoculated rumen fluid with various microorganisms in the presence of wheat straw and concentrates, and found that Lactobacillus acidophilus improved DM and OM digestibility in vitro, compared with an untreated control.
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, it could be concluded that milk fermented to the optimal time of 72 h-post cultivation resulted in the highest yeast and LAB populations. Moreover, supplementation of SBMFM could improve degradability in the rumen. This study suggested that SBMFM could be used as a high quality protein source with the supplemental level up to 5% of total concentrate substrate. However, further research should be investigated in in vivo trial on ruminal performance and animal production.
PDF Links
PubReader
ePub Link
Full text via DOI
Full text via PMC
Download Citation
Print
