Association of Novel Polymorphisms in Lymphoid Enhancer Binding Factor 1 (LEF-1) Gene with Number of Teats in Different Breeds of Pig
Article information
Abstract
Lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF-1) is a member of the T-cell specific factor (TCF) family, which plays a key role in the development of breast endothelial cells. Moreover, LEF-1 gene has been identified as a candidate gene for teat number trait. In the present study, we detected two novel mutations (NC_010450.3:g. 99514A>G, 119846C>T) by DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in exon 4 and intron 9 of LEF-1 in Guanzhong Black, Hanjiang Black, Bamei and Large White pigs. Furthermore, we analyzed the association between the genetic variations with teat number trait in these breeds. The 99514A>G mutation showed an extremely significant statistical relevance between different genotypes and teat number trait in Guanzhong (p<0.001) and Large White (p = 0.002), and significant relevance in Hanjiang (p = 0.017); the 119846C>T mutation suggested significant association in Guanzhong Black pigs (p = 0.042) and Large White pigs (p = 0.003). The individuals with “AG” or “GG” genotype displayed more teat numbers than those with “AA”; the individuals with “TC” or “CC” genotype showed more teat numbers than those with “TT”. Our findings suggested that the 99514A>G and 119846C>T mutations of LEF-1 affected porcine teat number trait and could be used in breeding strategies to accelerate porcine teat number trait improvement of indigenous pigs breeds through molecular marker assisted selection.
INTRODUCTION
Porcine teat number is an important indicator of reproductive performance. Pig individuals vary in teat numbers and nipple development, which might be caused by a major gene and several minor genes (Wiesner et al., 1994). However, the genetic model of the major gene and minor genes involved are still unknown. Therefore, it is a noteworthy and interesting task to study unreported genetic variations within candidate genes and evaluate their associations with teat number trait.
Lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF-1) is a member of the T-cell specific factor (TCF) family, a small family including four members in vertebrates. As a key regulator of wingless signaling (Wnt), LEF-1 mediates β-catenin dependent transcription factors that bind to the promoter of several genes bearing the conserved sequence CTTTGT (Xie et al., 2005) and plays a critical role in the canonical Wnt signalling pathway required for morphogenesis of early mammary gland during embryogenesis. The LEF-1−/− mice lacked two pairs of placodes, and other pairs that formed were small and degenerated during mammary gland development (van Genderen et al., 1994; Boras-Granic et al., 2006). In addition, it has been recently shown that LEF-1 promotes oncogenic signaling in breast and other cancers (Arce et al., 2006; Gebeshuber et al., 2007; Ravindranath et al., 2008). Misregulation of LEF-1 gene results in overactive Wnt signaling, driving LEF/TCFs to transform cells. Depletion of LEF-1 causes down-regulation of cyclin D and over-expression of matrix metallopeptidase 7 in breast cancer (Wang et al., 2006) and breast cancer cell proliferation (Bucan et al., 2012). Therefore, LEF-1 is of particular interest to many group s for its significant effect on mammary gland development.
As to its expansive role in mammary gland development, LEF-1 gene was identified as a candidate gene for teat number trait (Jonas et al., 2008; Tetzlaff et al., 2009). We tested the levels of LEF-1 mRNA in different tissues and the mammary gland at different developmental stages and found extremely high levels in the teat that had a tendency to gradually decrease during growth which suggested its enormous regulatory potential in mammary gland development.
In previous studies, a 1351T>C transition and 1666A>C transversion in the 3′ end of LEF-1 mRNA affecting porcine teat number trait in commercial populations were identified (Tetzlaff et al., 2009). However, in other pig breeds, whether the two mutants above exist and are there novel genetic variations are still unknown. Here, we aimed to identify novel genetic variations in the coding sequence region (CDs) and partly intron of porcine LEF-1 gene and analyze their associations with teat number trait of Guanzhong Black, Hanjiang Black, Bamei and Large White pigs. It was expected that the results of this study could provide some information for enriching pig genetic resources and accelerate the selection and breeding through marker assisted selection (MAS) to improve teat number trait in Chinese native pig breeds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethics statement
Experimental animals were meticulously fed and the experimental procedure was in agreement with the Animal Care Commission of the College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, China.
RNA extraction and quantitative reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction
To survey expression of porcine LEF-1 gene in different tissues, glands and organs, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed. Total RNA was isolated from teat, heart, liver, subcutaneous fat, spleen, kidney, lung and longissimus muscle tissues of 3-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs, teat and teat tissues of 45-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs as well as heart, liver, spleen, lymph, thyroid and fat tissues of 180-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs using TRIzol method. The integrity of RNA was checked by electrophoresis on 1.0% agarose gels with ethidium bromide (EB) staining. Three micrograms of total RNA from each category as well as control was reverse transcribed to obtain cDNA using moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) and oligo(dT)18 primer following the manufacturer’s protocol. The primers for LEF-1 were 5′-AAATAAAGTGCC CGTGGTGC-3′ (forward) and 5′-GAGAAAAGTGCT CGTCGCTGTA-3′ (reverse), and β-actin (reference gene) primers were 5′-CGTGAAAAGATGACCCAGATCA-3′ (forward) and 5′-CACAGCCTGGATGGCTACGT-3′ (reverse). Each individual sample was run in triplicate wells and the amplification effects were about 95%. PCR amplification cycles were performed using iQ Multicolor Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA) and SYBR Premix Ex Taq II kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, Liaoning, China). The reactions were initially denatured at 95°C for 3 min followed by 50 cycles of 95°C for 10 s, 60°C for 15 s, 72°C for 35 s. The melting curve analysis was performed after amplification to verify the accuracy of each amplicion. The density of SYBR green I and determine the threshold cycle (Ct) value were analyzed by iQ Optical System Software 2.1. The change of transcript abundance of all tested genes was calculated using 2−ΔΔCt method (Livak et al., 2001). All data were expressed as mean±SE. Accordingly, LEF-1 mRNA levels of all the tested tissues were given by the formula F = 2−ΔΔCt, ΔΔCt = (Ct, LEF-1 – Ct, β-actin)some tissue – (Ct, LEF-1 – Ct, β-actin)heart and reported as fold change in abundance relative to heart LEF-1 level.
DNA samples
Three hundred and sixty-one ear samples were obtained from four pig breeds including Guanzhong Black pigs (GZ, N = 198, Hanjiang Black pigs (HJ, N = 34), Bamei pigs (BM, N = 30) and Large White pigs (LW, N = 99). Genomic DNAs were extracted from ear tissues using salt-chloroform extraction protocol (Sambrook et al., 2001) and stored at −80°C. The records of teat number trait from all subjects were collected for statistical analysis.
Primer design and polymerase chain reaction amplification
Based on GenBank sequence No. NC_010450.3, 13 pairs of PCR primers (Table 1) were designed to amplify exon 1–12 and partial intron 1–11 of the pig LEF-1 gene. The 50 μL volume contained: 400 ng genomic DNA, 2.5 μM of each primer, 25 μL MIX (including MgCl2, dNTPs, Taq DNA polymerase and Bromophenol blue). The cycling protocol was 8 min at 95°C, 32 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, annealing (°C) for 30 s as indicated in Table 1 and 72°C for 30 s, with a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. After amplifying the pig genomic DNA pool (2 μL from every individual) (Sham et al., 2002), PCR products were sequenced by Invitrogen Corporation and then analyzed by the Chromas software.
Primer information for PCR amplification of porcine LEF-1 gene
Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
The PCR-RFLP technique was used to detect the polymorphism of 99514A>G and 119846C>T loci in porcine LEF-1 gene. Aliquots of 20 μL PCR products were digested with 10 U EcoR IIand Hinf I (Takara) for 4 h at 37°C following supplier instructions, respectively. The digested products were detected by electrophoresis on 2.0% agarose gel stained with EB.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed on the basis of records of the number of teats in GZ, HJ, BM, and LW breeds. Genotypic and allelic frequencies of polymorphism loci on the LEF-1 gene were analyzed by the T-test for the four pig breeds using the SPSS software (version 19.0). Gene homozygosity (HO), heterozygosity (HE), effective allele numbers (NE), and polymorphism information content (PIC) were evaluated by means of Nei’s methods (Nei et al., 1979). The association between genotypes and teat number trait was analyzed through the general linear model procedure of SPSS software (version 19.0) according to the following model:
Where Yij was the observation of animal, μ was the overall mean, genotypei was the fixed effect of the genotype, and Eij was the random effect. Effects associated with some of the factors, were not included in the above mentioned models, because the preliminary statistical analysis indicated that these factors were not significant sources of variation in the populations. Significant difference was stated when the genotype effect was a significant source of variation, and the p-value for the difference between the least square means for each genotype was less than p = 0.05 level.
RESULTS
Expression of lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 in porcine different tissues
In 3-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs, we detected the relative mRNA levels of porcine LEF-1 in teat, heart, liver, subcutaneous fat, spleen, kidney, lung and longissimus muscle tissues (Figure 1A). The data showed a wide range of expression of LEF-1 in different porcine tissues. In detail, relatively high levels in teat, spleen, kidney and lung tissue (about 25.6, 7.3, 10.3, and 11.9 fold to heart tissue respectively) were observed As well as low levels in subcutaneous fat tissue and longissimus muscle tissue.
LEF-1 mRNA levels in Guanzhong Black pigs. (A) LEF-1 mRNA levels in 8 tissues of 3-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs, including teat, heart, liver, subcutaneous fat, spleen, kidney, lung and muscle tissues were detected. All the mRNA levels were normalized to LEF-1 mRNA of heart; (B) LEF-1 mRNA levels in 7 tissues of 180-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs, including teat, heart, liver, spleen, lymph, thyroid and fat tissues, were detected. All the mRNA levels were normalized to LEF-1 mRNA of heart; (C) Comparative analysis of LEF-1 mRNA expression in Guanzhong Black pigs teat tissues during 3 growth stages. All the mRNA levels were normalized to LEF-1 mRNA in 180-day-old. LEF-1, lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1.
In 180-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs, the relative mRNA levels of porcine LEF-1 in teat, heart, liver, spleen, lymph, thyroid and fat tissues are shown in Figure 1B. High abundance was detected in teat tissue and low in heart tissue. In the important glands, such as thyroid, LEF-1 mRNA level was some 8 fold higher than heart tissue. In addition, spleen and liver also had a relatively high level (about 3 fold to heart), while low in subcutaneous fat and lymph node.
Furthermore, we detected the expression of LEF-1 in teat tissues of 3-day-old, 45-day-old and 180-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs as well (Figure 1C), and the data displayed a decrease of the relative mRNA levels of porcine LEF-1 with age, in detail, the porcine LEF-1 was expressed at a level 3.5-fold greater in 3-day-old GZ pigs and 2.1-fold greater in 45-day-old GZ pigs than that in 180-day-old GZ pigs.
Two novel genetic variations of porcine lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 gene
The porcine LEF-1 gene is located in SSC8 and contains 153883 bases including 12 exons and 11 introns (Figure 2). The LEF-1 mRNA consists of 2357 nucleotides and codes 398 amino acids. Two novel mutations (NC_010450.3: g. 99514A>G, 119846C>T) were firstly detected by DNA pool sequencing in exon 4 and intron 9, respectively (Figure 3). No polymorphism was detected in the remaining sequences (P1–P3, P5–P9, P11, and P12) (Table 1) of the LEF-1 gene. The 99514A>G mutation resulted in a synonymous genetic code of proline, in detail, CCA (Pro)>CCG (Pro) at position 166 aa of LEF-1. The 119846C>T locus was observed in intron 9 and had no effect on amino acids changing.
The structure of porcine LEF-1 gene. Black boxes correspond to CDs. P1 to P12 denotes the fragments amplified by primers shown in Table 1. The SNP sites detected in present study were also included in this figure. LEF-1, lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1; CDs, coding sequence region; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
Electrophoresis patterns of the DNA sequencing map and EcoRII and HinfI PCR-RFLP at porcine LEF-1 gene. (A) DNA sequencing map (upper) and electrophoresis pattern of the EcoR II PCR-RFLP (lower). The genotype “GG” demonstrated one undigested band (344 bp); Genotype “AA” showed two digested fragments (155 bp and 189 bp); Genotype “AG” showed three fragments (155, 189, and 344 bp). (B) DNA sequencing maps (upper) and electrophoresis pattern of the Hinf I PCR-RFLP (lower). The genotype “CC” demonstrated one undigested band (116 bp); genotype “TT” showed one digested fragment (89 bp) and; genotype “CT” showed two fragments (89 and 116 bp). Another digested fragment (27 bp) was invisible due to the lack of resolution within agarose gel. PCR-RFLP, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism; LEF-1, lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1.
Population genetic indexes
The population genetic indexes involving in HO, HE, NE, and PIC are listed in Table 2. Generally, when PIC value <0.25, it was defined as the low polymorphism; when 0.25 <PIC value <0.5, it was median polymorphism; when PIC value >0.5, it was high polymorphism (Mateescu et al., 2005). All breeds analyzed were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). In the 99514A>G mutation, low level PIC was observed in HJ and median level in GZ, LW, and BM; In the 119846C>T mutation, low level PIC was observed in HJ and LW and median level in GZ and BM; Additionally, the homozygosity occupied a higher rate in HJ and LW than that in GZ and BM.
Genetic indexes of the 99514A>G and 119846C>T mutation within porcine LEF-1 gene
Genotypic and allelic frequencies
The frequencies of widespread allele “A” in 99514A>G mutation ranged from 0.5536 to 0.9118, and “T” in 119846C>T mutation ranged from 0.4833 to 08824 in four pig breeds (Table 3). Generally, more individuals with genotype “AA” and “TT” were identified in HJ and LW, yet few individuals with genotype “GG” and “CC” were detected in GZ, HJ, LW, and BM.
Genotypic and allelic frequencies of 99514A>G and 119846C>T mutation within porcine LEF-1 gene
Association analysis of genetic variations with teat number trait
The association analysis between different genotypes and teat number trait was assessed in GZ, HJ, BM, and LW.
The 99514A>G mutation revealed an extremely significant statistical relevance between different genotypes and teat number trait in GZ (p<0.001) and LW (p = 0.002), and significant relevance in GZ (p = 0.017) (Table 4). On the whole, the individuals with genotype “GG” or “AG” showed more teat number than those with genotype “AA”.
Association of the polymorphic locus with teat number trait
The 119846C>T mutation suggested significant association of different genotypes with teat number trait in GZ (p = 0.042) and LW (p = 0.003) and no significance observed in HJ (p = 0.252) and BM (p = 0.591) (Table 4). In general, we found individuals with genotype “TC” had a higher teat number than those with “TT” in the four breeds.
Analysis of haplotype frequencies in Guanzhong Black and Large White pigs
To further observe the correlation between the 99514A>G and the 119846C>T mutation, the haplotype frequencies were analyzed in GZ and LW. The data showed that haplotypes “AGTC” and “AATT” accounted for a large proportion in GZ (34.85% and 57.58%) and LW (58.59% and 37.38%), while other haplotypes accounted for a proportion of less than 8% (Table 5). In addition, we found only one haplotype “GGCC” in LW and the individual had a higher porcine teat number than most of others with haplotypes “AGTC” and “AATT” (The data were not shown), the results implied that “G” and “C” could encode for a high teat number in pigs.
Analysis of haplotype frequencies in GZ and LW
DISCUSSION
Here, the levels of LEF-1 mRNA were detected by qPCR in multiple tissues of 3-day-old and 180-day-old GZ and the results both showed relatively high abundance in teat tissue. In addition, by comparing the expression of porcine LEF-1 among 3-day-old, 45-day-old, and 180-day-old Guanzhong Black pigs in teat tissues, we found the relative levels of porcine LEF-1 mRNA decreased with age. Collectively, it strongly suggested a regulatory potential in development of porcine breast.
The development of porcine breast was mainly composed of the formation and specialization of milk line, formation of mammary placode, glandular bud and primitive ductal branching (Balinsky, 1950). The above phases of breast development were complicated and tightly regulated by a series of signaling pathway including Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and T-box 3 (Tbx3).
In Wnt signaling pathway, several molecular markers, such as Wnt10b and the Wnt reporter (TOP-Gal), play key roles in formation and specialization of mammary line. When dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (Dkk1), inhibiting expression of TOP-Gal and Wnt10b, was expressed, all morphologic evidence of mammary development disappeared (Chu et al., 2004; Veltmaat et al., 2004; Veltmaat et al., 2006).
The Tbx3 is relevant to the ulnar-mammary syndrome in humans and haploinsufficiency of Tbx3 causes severe mammary hypoplasia, like the complete loss of mammary glands (Bamshad et al., 1997). Moreover, Tbx3−/− mice displayed an abnormal phenotype, which failed to develop most mammary placodes (Davenport et al., 2003; Jerome-Majewska et al., 2005). Thus, Tbx3 is required early in the initiation of mammary development. Furthermore, Wnt signaling and FGF/FGFR1 signaling pathways converge to induce and maintain mesenchymal Tbx3 (Eblaghie et al., 2004).
The LEF-1 gene could be treated as a bridge maintaining these three signaling pathways. In Wnt signaling pathway, LEF-1 gene is a downstream transcriptional mediator, which regulates breast development by regulating activity of Wnt signaling. In FGF signaling pathway, FGFR2b could affect expression of LEF-1 gene via regulating Wnt10 (Mailleux et al., 2002; Eblaghie et al., 2004). Additionally, FGF signaling was at least in part mediated by LEF/TCF-β-catenin signaling (Holnthoner et al., 2002). In Tbx3 signaling pathway, preplacodal Tbx3 accumulation was essential for Wnt10b and LEF-1 in development of mammary line (Davenport et al., 2003; Eblaghie et al., 2004; Jerome-Majewska et al., 2005) and prodigious Tbx3 increased LEF-1 and Wnt10b expression (Cho et al., 2006). Therefore, LEF-1 gene plays an important role in development of porcine breast and it is important to search for potentially polymorphic loci.
At present, the LEF-1 gene variations associated with porcine teat number have not been thoroughly investigated. In previous study, there was a 1351T>C (NM_001129967.1) transition and a 1666A>C (NM_001129967.1) transversion found in the 3′ end of LEF1 mRNA. The 1351T>C locus had highly significant associations with inverted teat trait and total teat number trait, while the 1666A>C mutation was significantly associated with total number of inverted teats in commercial populations (Tetzlaff et al., 2009). Here, we further explored potential polymorphic loci of LEF-1 gene and found two novel single nucleotide polymorphism (NC_010450.3:g. 99514A>G, 119846C>T) located in exon 4 (P4) and intron 9 (P9), respectively. Then, through statistical analysis, we found that the 99514A>G mutation showed extremely significant relevance with total teat number trait in GZ (p< 0.001) and LW (p = 0.002), and significant relevance in GZ (p = 0.017), but no significance in BM, while the 119846C>T mutation displayed significant association of different genotypes with teat number trait in GZ (p = 0.042) and LW (p = 0.003) and no significance observed in HJ (p = 0.252) and BM (p = 0.591). The individuals with genotype “AGTC” or “GGCC” had a greater teat number than those with “AATT”. It insinuated the loci “G” and “C” could be associated with higher teat numbers. In addition, the 99514A>G mutation itself demonstrated a synonymous genetic code change of proline, in detail, CCA (Pro) >CCG (Pro) at position 166 aa of LEF-1 (398 aa), which might affect the efficiency of the translation changing phenotype to some extent. However, the precise mechanism of regulation of the porcine nipple numbers is still unknown and further study is urgent.
According to analysis of PIC, the 99514A>G mutation within porcine LEF-1 gene displayed low PIC in HJ and median level in GZ, LW, and BM; the 119846C>T showed low PIC in HJ and LW and median level in GZ and BM. It indicated the difference of teat number trait from interbreed and intrabreed individuals, which could be conducive to assessing important polymorphic loci relevant with teat number trait.
GZ, HJ, BM, and LW are important pig breeds in China. It is necessary to improve their multiple traits using conventional breeding methods combined with MAS. In recent years, teat number trait has been approved as an important indicator for litter size. The difference of numbers and developmental situation s of porcine nipples might be caused by a major gene and several minor genes. However, the major gene affecting teat number trait was still unknown and many groups were attracted to focus on this study. In our study, we assessed two novel polymorphic loci of LEF-1 gene correlationed with teat number trait in GZ, HJ, BM, and LW. The data strongly suggested that the 99514A>G mutation showed extremely significant statistical relevance with porcine teat number trait in GZ and LW and significant relevance in HJ, while the 119846C>T mutation showed significant association in GZ and LW. It suggested that the LEF-1 gene polymorphism could be used as genetic markers to improve breeding for porcine teat number trait.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2012CB124705) and Program of National Pig Industry Technology System (CARS-36).