Substrates 1 | Gas production (ml/g DM) | In vitro DM disappearance (mg/g) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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4 h | 12 h | 48 h | 4 h | 12 h | 48 h | ||
S | C | 8.2 | 24.5 | 120.0 | 60.1 | 128.3 | 370.5 |
E | 14.5 | 29.2 | 132.0 | 82.7 | 155.2 | 396.6 | |
EP | 14.5 | 33.1 | 130.4 | 139.0 | 175.0 | 430.2 | |
EPW | 5.9 | 16.8 | 130.2 | −17.6 | 22.4 | 303.5 | |
EPW+AE | 7.6 | 21.4 | 127.7 | −5.8 | 48.3 | 312.9 | |
EPW+RS | 11.0 | 28.7 | 133.7 | 2.4 | 61.8 | 322.7 | |
AS | C | 10.5 | 24.8 | 154.2 | 85.1 | 126.4 | 507.9 |
E | 16.5 | 40.9 | 153.6 | 113.4 | 171.1 | 518.7 | |
EP | 21.1 | 43.4 | 148.8 | 192.8 | 234.2 | 526.9 | |
EPW | 7.2 | 22.6 | 153.4 | −4.8 | 27.9 | 404.7 | |
EPW+AE | 10.1 | 27.8 | 152.5 | 4.3 | 41.7 | 413.6 | |
EPW+RS | 21.6 | 40.9 | 159.2 | 42.6 | 96.8 | 439.7 | |
SEM2 | 0.37 | 0.94 | 3.83 | 2.83 | 4.22 | 3.32 |
1 C, S or AS without any EFE treatment; E, straw applied with EFE; EP, straw applied EFE and pre-hydrolyzed for 24 h before in vitro incubation; EPW, EP washed with water to remove soluble hydrolyzed products (i.e. reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, etc); EPW+AE, EPW treated with autoclaved EFE; EPW+RS, EPW added reducing sugars to the same level as that of in EP.
Substrates1 | 15N μg/g residual DM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||
4 h | 12 h | 48 h | ||
S | C | 34.2 | 103.4 | 375.0 |
E | 54.1 | 106.8 | 375.2 | |
EP | 36.2 | 99.6 | 385.3 | |
EPW | 18.5 | 101.0 | 425.2 | |
EPW+AE | 23.0 | 105.6 | 414.0 | |
EPW+RS | 32.0 | 119.2 | 416.1 | |
AS | C | 31.3 | 128.8 | 463.1 |
E | 64.4 | 157.7 | 499.8 | |
EP | 55.6 | 126.9 | 534.0 | |
EPW | 30.7 | 126.3 | 595.2 | |
EPW+AE | 34.6 | 145.6 | 595.0 | |
EPW+RS | 62.7 | 180.9 | 581.4 | |
SEM2 | 1.24 | 5.53 | 5.64 |
1 C, S or AS without any EFE treatment; E, straw applied with EFE; EP, straw applied EFE and pre-hydrolyzed for 24 h before in vitro incubation; EPW, EP washed with water to remove soluble hydrolyzed products (i.e. reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, etc); EPW+AE, EPW treated with autoclaved EFE; EPW+RS, EPW added reducing sugars to the same level as that of in EP.
Substrates1 | Total VFA (mM) | Acetate (A) mol/100 mol | Propionate (P) mol/100 mol | Butyrate mol/100 mol | A:P | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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4 | 12 | 48 | 4 | 12 | 48 | 4 | 12 | 48 | 4 | 12 | 48 | 4 | 12 | 48 | ||
S | C | 36.8 | 48.3 | 79.7 | 69.7 | 71.7 | 64.0 | 17.9 | 17.8 | 25.4 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 7.3 | 3.89 | 4.02 | 2.52 |
E | 35.5 | 44.6 | 95.7 | 71.0 | 70.7 | 64.2 | 17.9 | 17.7 | 25.3 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 3.98 | 3.99 | 2.54 | |
EP | 41.4 | 43.6 | 109.4 | 70.3 | 68.7 | 63.4 | 18.0 | 20.3 | 26.4 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 3.91 | 3.39 | 2.40 | |
EPW | 34.2 | 40.0 | 92.2 | 68.9 | 68.2 | 60.6 | 16.8 | 19.4 | 29.6 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 4.09 | 3.53 | 2.04 | |
EPW+AE | 34.9 | 42.4 | 96.3 | 68.6 | 67.1 | 60.5 | 17.2 | 19.9 | 29.6 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 3.98 | 3.37 | 2.05 | |
EPW+RS | 40.4 | 37.6 | 97.5 | 68.9 | 67.3 | 60.9 | 17.9 | 20.4 | 29.1 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 3.84 | 3.30 | 2.09 | |
AS | C | 39.6 | 41.8 | 128.7 | 72.2 | 73.5 | 64.5 | 17.0 | 17.1 | 26.6 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 6.4 | 4.26 | 4.30 | 2.43 |
E | 43.8 | 57.7 | 127.4 | 71.6 | 71.2 | 63.1 | 17.8 | 18.0 | 26.9 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 4.02 | 3.96 | 2.35 | |
EP | 49.2 | 60.3 | 119.9 | 67.1 | 69.0 | 61.4 | 21.9 | 20.3 | 28.5 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 3.08 | 3.41 | 2.15 | |
EPW | 33.6 | 37.7 | 113.0 | 69.8 | 67.8 | 57.9 | 16.4 | 19.6 | 32.9 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 4.25 | 3.46 | 1.76 | |
EPW+AE | 38.1 | 46.8 | 123.2 | 69.6 | 66.6 | 58.0 | 17.1 | 20.8 | 32.9 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 4.07 | 3.20 | 1.76 | |
EPW+RS | 38.9 | 61.8 | 118.3 | 69.1 | 63.7 | 57.9 | 17.5 | 25.4 | 32.4 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 4.16 | 2.53 | 1.79 | |
SEM2 | 3.19 | 3.70 | 3.44 | 0.97 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.96 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.302 | 0.082 | 0.036 |
1 C, S or AS without any EFE treatment; E, straw applied with EFE; EP, straw applied EFE and pre-hydrolyzed for 24 h before in vitro incubation; EPW, EP washed with water to remove soluble hydrolyzed products (i.e. reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, etc); EPW+AE, EPW treated with autoclaved EFE; EPW+RS, EPW added reducing sugars to the same level as that of in EP.