INTRODUCTION
Hanwoo steers are usually fattened until almost 30 months and are normally fed high-density concentrate diets from the fattening period onwards. This is to encourage a high degree of marbling, as suggested by Lee et al [1], who reported that Hanwoo steers distinctly improved their marbling between 12 and 27 months of age. Feeding of high-density concentrate diets is used to improve meat quality with high marbling, which is one of the main distinguishing factors determining Hanwoo quality grade [2]. However, feeding of high-density concentrate diets can have a negative effect on digestive metabolism, feed efficiency, and feed intake during the final fattening period [3]. To address these questions, various studies have been carried out on supplementation of emulsifiers in diet [4,5].
Dietary lipid is the nutrient with the highest energy density and needs to be broken down to be readily and efficiently absorbed by the small intestine [6], thus improving dietary lipid digestibility, palatability of the diet and fat yield of cattle [7]. To improve absorption and digestion of lipids, oil in water system surfactants like sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) are more effective emulsifiers (hydrophilic lipophilic balance, 10 to 12), than water-in-oil system surfactants like lecithin, in resolving the immiscibility of oil and water and to provide stability to an oil/water system [8].
Previous studies have explored different ways of improving lipid utilization [9,10], more specifically, surfactant supplementation for emulsification purposes in ruminants [11]. For example, the beneficial effects of surfactants have been confirmed in ruminal microbial growth rates [10,12], nutrient digestibility [13,14], feed intake [12,15], growth performance [5,16], and ruminal enzyme activity and accessibility [12,17]. However, responses to surfactants have not always shown positive effects on ruminal fermentation and growth performance [18]. As such, the present study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of 0.1% SSL supplementation with different levels of total digestible nutrients (TDN, 0.5% or 1.0% reduction) on growth performance and blood and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers during the early fattening period.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All experimental protocols used in this study were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Gyeongsang National University (Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea).
Chemicals
SSL is composed of lactic acid mono-esters with sodium salt and its IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) chemical name is isoctadecanoic acid, 2-(1-carbocyethoxy)-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl ester, sodium salt. SSL has the molecular formula C24H43O6Na (MW, 450.58 g/mol), and is a versatile organic compound with several qualities as a food additive ; it improves the volume and mix tolerance of processed foods and is approved by the FDA [19]. Having both a hydrophilic head solving water and lipophilic tail solving oil, SSL can decrease interfacial tension, permitting a more stable state. Additionally, SSL is biodegradable [20], non-toxic [21], and found in typically biorenewable additives ranging from mixes, baked goods, processed goods, dairy products and pet foods [22].
Animals, diets and managements
The experiment was conducted for 200 days at the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation Farm located in Anseong, South Korea. A total of sixty Hanwoo steers (13 months old, average body weight [BW] 333±36.4 kg) were used in a completely randomized design and allotted to 3 treatment groups, with twenty steers per treatment and ten steers per pen with a size of 80 m2 (8×10 m) as shown in Table 1. Dietary treatments were as follows: CON, basal diet; treatment (TRT) 0.5, 0.5% down spec of TDN (72.02%) with 0.1% SSL; TRT 1.0, 1.0% down spec of TDN (71.53%) with 0.1% SSL. The experiment was carried out on animals from 13 to 20 months of age. All groups received concentrate and rice straw bale throughout the feeding trial (1 to 60 days, 4.86 kg of commercial concentrate and 1.80 kg of rice straw bale; 61 to 120 days, 5.86 kg of commercial concentrate and 1.35 kg of rice straw bale; 121 to 200 days, 6.75 kg of commercial concentrate and 0.90 kg of rice straw bale). The ingredient composition and chemical analysis of the concentrate diets are shown in Table 2. Steers were fed the experimental diets three times daily at 07:30, 13:00, and 18:00 in their stalls and diets were supplemented with SSL consisting of the top dressing of each treatment ration.
After a 7 day adaptation period, animals were exposed to different treatments during the whole experimental period. Animals were provided with access to water and mineral blocks ad libitum and placed in an environmentally regulated facility throughout the 200 days of the experimental period. The typical feeding management standard for beef cattle in Korea was followed.
Diet chemical analysis
Experimental diet samples were dried in a forced-air oven at 130°C for 2 h, then finely ground to a size that could pass through a 2 mm sieve in a Wiley mill (Model 4, Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ, USA). The ground samples were analyzed for dry matter (Method 930.15), crude protein (Method 984.13), Ca (Method 984.01), and P (Method 965.17) according to AOAC procedures. Ether extraction was measured by the diethyl ether extraction method using a Buchi B-811 Universal Extraction System (Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland); crude fiber was analyzed by the filter bag technique using the ANKOM 220 Fiber Analyzer (Mill tech, Seongnam, Republic of Korea).
Physical and carcass traits
The BW was recorded individually at the beginning of the experiment, after a 2-month interval, and at the end of the experiment. Weight gain was calculated the difference between initial and final BW, and feed efficiency by dividing BW by total feed intake.
Carcass traits were measured by ultrasound and included: backfat thickness (UBF), eye muscle area (UEMA), and marbling score (UMS), which are three important economic values according to characteristics graded by the Korean Institute for Animal Products Grading Service. For ultrasound image measurements, a Real-time B mode HS-2000 (FHK Co., Tokyo, Japan) with an attached 2.0 MHz Linear probe was used. Ultrasound scanning was on done the left side between the 13th rib and the first lumbar vertebrae. UEMA and UBF were calculated by a devoted ultrasound image analysis program and UMS was marked as a score in a range of 1 to 27 based on the subjective judgment of experts. Meat quantity was classified on a scale of A, B, and C, where A is the highest and C the lowest yield; meat quality grade was scored on a scale of 1++, 1+, 1, 2, and 3 by trained personnel from the Animal Products Grading Service (Seoul, Republic of Korea).
Blood sampling
Blood samples were obtained by direct venipuncture of the jugular vein at the end of the experimental period, prior to the morning feeding. Whole blood samples (3 mL) were collected into 10 mL BD vacuum tubes with sodium heparin (Becton and Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). After allowing to clot at 4°C for 24 h, samples for serum analysis were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C, and then separated and stored at −70°C. Blood samples were analyzed using a Hitachi 7020 automatic blood analyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) for total protein, phosphorus, albumin, total bilirubin, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Ca, gamma glutamyl transferase, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acid, and glucose.
Whole blood samples were used to measure hematological parameters including red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEU), lymphocyte (LYM), monocyte (MONO), eosinophil, basophil, and platelet counts.
Statistical analysis
All data for steers within each treatment were averaged and analyzed using the PRO GLM procedure of the SAS statistical program, package ver. 9.1 (2005; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with the statistical model of Yij = μ+TRTi+eij, where Yij is an observation on the dependent variable ij, μ is the overall population mean, TRTi is the fixed effect of treatments, and eij was the random error associated with the observation ij. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to identify any significant differences among the mean values of the treatments. Variability in the data was expressed as the standard error of the mean, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant, whereas p<0.10 was considered a tendency.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth performance
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of TDN (CON, 72.54%; TRT 0.5, 72.2%; TRT 1.0, 71.5%) and SSL supplementation (TRT 0.5 and TRT 1.0; additional SSL 0.1%) on growth performance in Hanwoo steers. Throughout the experiment, a major source of the diet (i.e. concentrates and forages) supplied to the steers was restricted and others were similar among different treatments. Therefore, feed intakes divided into three periods are presented as mean values: each total feed intake was 6.66 kg DM/d (4.86 kg of concentrate and 1.8 kg of forage) for days 0 to 60; 7.20 kg DM/d (5.85 kg of concentrate and 1.35 kg of forage) for days 61 to 120; and 7.65 kg DM/d (6.75 kg of concentrate and 0.9 kg of forage) for days 121 to 200, according to a commercially used early fattening program for Hanwoo steers.
As shown in Table 3, the final body weight for TRT 0.5 (392.4, 442.1, and 502.1 kg) increased as compared with CON (385.5, 439.9, and 496.8 kg) and TRT 1.0 (376.3, 429.1, and 487.7 kg) in all three periods; however, the difference was not significant (p>0.05) indicating that SSL supplementation had no negative effect. Our results are in agreement with Jeong et al [5] who reported that TDN down spec with SSL 0.03% supplementation showed no significant differences in average daily gain and final body weight in the final fattening period of Hanwoo steers as compared with CON. Why the different TDN levels with 0.1% SSL supplementation had no significant negative effect on final body weight may be that supplemented non-ionic surfactants can enhance ruminal fermentation and improve feed utilization efficiency, which can be attributed to stimulating effects of non-ionic surfactants on growth performance, as demonstrated by Lee et al [17] and Wang et al [15]. Furthermore, Nylander and Wang [8] demonstrated that SSL is an extremely efficient at facilitating the formation of fat-in-water emulsions for lipid digestion in the small intestine and can therefore lead to improved growth performance. However, TRT 1.0 (TDN 1.0% down spec with SSL 0.1%) was shown to reduce body weight as compared with CON and TRT 0.5 (TDN 0.5% down spec with SSL 0.1%). During the early fattening period, steers need relatively high levels of TDN in their diets to support normal and sustained growth [23,24] and, even a 1% lower TDN may significantly affect growth performance despite SSL supplementation.
Feed efficiency, which results in either greater body weight or less feed intake [25], improved with TRT 0.5 (15.12 and 10.03) as compared with CON (13.30 and 9.42) and TRT 1.0 (11.35 and 9.70) at 1 to 60 and 121 to 200 days, but was not statistically significant (p>0.05) as shown in Table 3. Nonetheless, SSL supplementation in Hanwoo steers improved feed efficiency, which is in agreement with previous studies by Jeong et al [5], who showed that TDN down spec with SSL 0.03% supplementation had no significant negative effect on feed efficiency when compared to controls.
In general, the purpose of adding appropriate fats or oils to the feed of high-producing steers, in the early fattening period is to supply available energy for the rumen microbes resulting in improvements in feed efficiency and growth performance [26]. Consequently, average daily gain and feed efficiency in the whole early fattening period of TRT 0.5 (0.85 and 11.68 kg) was higher than CON (0.82 and 11.27 kg) or TRT 1.0 (0.78 and 10.74 kg), suggesting that a 0.1% SSL supplementation in the feed of early fattening steers can potentially result in a net a saving of 0.5% TDN without any negative effect.
Blood characteristics
Blood metabolite concentrations and blood corpuscle of early fatting steers supplemented with 0.1% SSL and different levels of TDN down spec (0.5% and 1.0%) are shown in Table 4 and 5, Blood metabolite concentrations is considered a useful indicator for monitoring nutrient status, and body condition, for prevention of disease [27,28], and to evaluate the internal metabolic changes and the function of different organs in cattle, including the kidneys and liver. No significant differences were observed amongst all treatments (p>0.05) and the values of all blood metabolite concentrations were all within the normally accepted ranges for healthy steers, as suggested by Alex [29]. In particular, the levels of albumin, creatine, BUN, AST, and ALT, all associated with liver and tissue damage, did not show any significant differences, indicating that different levels of TDN down spec (0.5% and 1.0%) with 0.1% SSL supplementation did not produce any negative physiological effects when compared to CON.
The most common blood diagnostic test is the determination of blood count which includes RBC, HCT, HGB, WBC, NEU, LYM, and MONO. In the current study, no statistical differences were observed amongst all treatments (p>0.05), except with NEU, LYM, and MONO as shown in Table 5. An interesting tendency was observed, with TRT 0.5 stimulating NEU (3.66 K/μL) while the LYM (5.37 K/μL) and MONO (0.58 K/μL) were depressed as compared with CON (3.59, 5.80, and 0.64 K/μL) and TRT 1.0 (3.04, 6.28 and 0.73 K/μL), respectively (p<0.10). However, the values of all these measures were all within the normally accepted range, as suggested by Alex [29], indicating that no significant changes were induced by the different levels of TDN down spec (0.5% and 1.0%) and 0.1% SSL supplementation.
Carcass characteristics
Carcass yield and quality traits of early fattening steers supplemented with 0.1% SSL and different levels of TDN downspec (0.5% and 1.0%) are shown in Table 6. Carcass yield decreased with TRT 0.5 (UBF, 4.62 mm and UEMA, 62.44 cm2) as compared with CON (UBF, 5.33 mm and UEMA, 63.45 cm2) and TRT 1.0 (UBF, 5.45 mm and UEMA, 64.04 cm2); however, no significant differences were observed amongst all the treatments (p>0.05). Value for meat quality traits also decreased with TRT 0.5 (UMS, 3.00, meat quantity grade, 2.70 and meal quality grade 1.30) as compared with CON (UMS, 3.60, meat quantity grade, 2.60 and meal quality grade 1.40) and TRT 1.0 (UMS, 3.50, meat quantity grade, 2.70 and meal quality grade 1.40); again, no significant differences were observed amongst all the treatments (p>0.05).
Realini et al [30] have suggested that backfat thickness increases noticeably in the final fattening period, from the growing period to 14 days before slaughter. Additionally, Kim [31] suggested that backfat thickness of Hanwoo steers generally develops rapidly, after the steers had attained 500 kg BW. As research was conducted during the early fattening period when the average BW of steers ranged from 332.63 to 495.53 kg, further studies are needed to better understand how TDN downspec and SSL supplementation can subsequently influence carcass yield and quality.
CONCLUSION
In summary, in this study we demonstrated that average daily gain and feed efficiency improved with TRT 0.5 as compared to CON and TRT 1.0 and without causing any adverse effects, implying that 0.1% SSL supplementation in the feed of early fattening steers may potentially result in a saving of 0.5% TDN. With respect to blood and carcass characteristics, no significant differences were observed amongst all treatments (p>0.05). The values of all blood parameters were within the normally accepted range for healthy steers. Therefore, SSL supplementation with TND downspeccing appears to be a viable feed cost-saving measure for fattening of Hanwoo steers, without any adverse effects. However, further studies are needed to better understand the effect of TND down-specing and SSL supplementation on growth performance and blood and carcass characteristics, in both the early and final fattening periods of Hanwoo steers.
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