Go to Top Go to Bottom
Anim Biosci > Volume 35(8); 2022 > Article
Rakasivi and Chin: Antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum cassia extract and quality of raw chicken patties added with C. cassia powder and Pleurotus sajor-caju powder as functional ingredients during storage

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant activities of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) extracts (extracted with different solvents) at various concentrations and to determine product quality of raw chicken patties added with different levels of cinnamon powder (CP) and oyster mushroon powder (OMP) during storage.

Methods

After cinnamon was made into oven dried CP and extracted with water and different levels (50%, 80%, and 100%) of ethanol, antioxidant activities of these extracts were determined. CP and OMP were combined at different levels and added to raw chicken patties. Physicochemical properties and microbial counts were measured during refrigerated storage.

Results

Cinnamon ethanol (80%) extract showed the highest (p<0.05) by 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Cinnamon water extract (CWE) had the highest iron chelating ability (p<0.05), while CP 100% ethanol extract had the highest content of total phenolic compound. Then, CP and OMP were applied to chicken patties at different levels (0.1% to 0.2%). After the addition of CPs, pH, L* (lightness), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and volatile basic nitrogen values were decreased, whereas a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values were increased. Microbial counts of total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceace were decreased with the addition of CP 0.2% regardless of the OMP level.

Conclusion

The addition of CP in combination with OMP can increase the shelf-life of chicken patties during storage.

INTRODUCTION

Antioxidants play an important role in preventing tissue damage by decreasing the production of free radicals, by scavenging them, or by promoting their decomposition. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) have been used to maintain the quality of fully cooked food products. However, they might impose health risks to human. Thus, consumers demand for the use of natural antioxidants instead of synthetic antioxidants in the food industry to have safe food [1]. Plants and vegetables are known to be natural sources of antioxidants to combat oxidative instability of lipids and proteins in meat and meat products [2].
Extraction is an important procedure to obtain natural antioxidants from fruits and plants. Many extraction factors such as solvent type, solvent concentration, extraction temperature, and extraction time can affect the extraction efficiency [3]. Solvent extraction is the most common method used to extract natural oxidants from plants. However, the extraction yield is affected by the extraction solvent, the extraction temperature, the extraction time, and the chemical nature of the sample. The solvent used and the chemical nature of the sample are the two most important factors affecting the extraction [4]. Lipid peroxidation is a process that involves the reaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in phospholipids of cellular membranes with oxygen to produce lipid hydroperoxides (ROOH). This reaction might occur via a free radical chain mechanism which starts by abstracting a hydrogen atom from a PUFA by a reactive free radical, followed by propagation [5].
Cinnamomum cassia bark contains seven aromatic compounds: lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranoside, (±)-syringaresmol, two epicatechin derivatives, and two cinnamic aldehyde cyclic glycerol 1,3-acetals [6]. Muchuweti et al [7] evaluated contents of phenolic compounds in several spices such as baby leaves, rosemary, sage, majoram, and organo cinnamon and found that Cinnamonum zeylanicum (cinnamon) contains 13.66 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of polyphenolic compounds and phenolic compounds such as vannilic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid. Murcia et al [8] compared antioxidant properties of seven dessert spices (anise, cinnamon, ginger, licorice, mint, nutmeg, and vanilla) and synthetic food antioxidants such as BHA, BHT, and propyl gallate and found that mint and cinnamon had higher antioxidant activities than other spices analyzed. In addition, irradiation as a decontamination method at up to 10 kGy did not affect antioxidant activities of these spices.
Pleurotus sajor-caju (oyster mushroom) is rich in nutritional components such as protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber, and minerals including Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, K, and P with a very lower level of fat. This species has significant amounts of antioxidants such as phenols, ascorbic acid (AA), and flavonoids with antibacterial activities. These functional properties of oyster mushroom might prevent various deficiencies, diseases, and malnutrition [9]. Although many studies have reported antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual antioxidants from various spices, studies on the synergistic effect of a combination of two or three antioxidant from natural resources have not been reported yet. Effects of a combination of cinnamon and oyster mushroom powders (OMPs) on meat products and their quality characteristics are not well understood yet. Thus, the objectives of this study were: i) to prepare cinnamon and OMPs with oven-drying methods for easy handling and longer shelf-life; ii) to determine antioxidant activities of cinnamon using different extraction methods; iii) to investigate effects of the addition of a combination of cinnamon and oyster mushroom at different levels on quality characteristics of raw chicken patties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of cinnamon extract

Cinnamon powder

Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon bark) was purchased from a local market. Cinnamon bark was dried by oven drying at 60°C until a constant weight was reached. It was then ground using an Ultra-Power mixer (Hanil, Gwangju, Korea). The cinnamon powder (CP) was then sieved using a 500 μm sieve and kept at −20°C until further use.

Cinnamon water extract

CP was weighed 10 g and mixed with 200 mL of double distilled (dd)-water. The mixture was homogenized for 5 min and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 5 min. After filtering using a filter paper (Whatman no. 41), the extract was kept in a freezer at −70°C for 4 hours. The CP water extract was then placed in a freeze-dryer (Ilshin Lab. Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea) at −54°C for four days.

Cinnamon ethanol extract

Approximately 30 g of CP was weighed and mixed with 600 mL of edible ethanol (50%, 80%, and 100% ethanol). Samples were then stirred overnight at room temperature until powders were completely dissolved by the solvent. The liquid extract was filtered using a filter paper (Whatman no. 41). Extraction solvent was then evaporated using a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor 110; Hwashin Science, Seoul, Korea) completely. Ethanol extracts were then placed in a freezer at −70°C until fully frozen. They were then dried in a freeze dryer for 4 days to obtaine freeze-dried CP ethanol extracts.

Antioxidant activity analysis of cinnamon

2,2-Diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity

The antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging activity [RSA]) was determined using a modified method of Huang et al [10]. Briefly, 1 mL solution of each treatment (0.1% to 1.0% in dd-water) and AA as reference were mixed with methanolic 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (0.2 mM) on a vortex and then placed in a dark room for 30 min. The absorbance of the sample was read using a UV Spectrophotometer (UV 1601; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) at 517 nm.

Ferrous iron chelating ability

Ferrous iron chelating ability (ICA) was measured using the method described by Le et al [11]. Briefly, 0.5 mL of sample (0.1% to 1.0% in dd-water) was mixed with 0.1 mL of ferrous chloride reagent, 0.5 mL ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and methanol (0.9 mL). After 5 min, 0.1 mL of ferrozine (5 mM) was added and the sample was held at room temperature for 10 min. The ferrous ICA (%) was determined by measuring the absorbance of the Fe2+ ferrozine complex at 562 nm. The EDTA was used as a positive control.

Ferric reducing power

The ferric reducing power (RP) reagent was prepared as described by Huang et al [10]. The reagent was mixed with 2.5 mL of sample (0.1% to 1.0% in dd-water). After 20 min of incubation at 50°C, 2.5 mL of trichloroacetic acid (TCA 10%) was added and the mixture was centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 10 min. Subsequently, the upper layer (2.5 mL) was taken and added with 2.5 mL of dd-water and 0.5 mL of ferric acid chloride (0.001%). Reducing power was then measured by reading the absorbance at 700 nm.

Total phenolic compounds

Cinnamon sample (0.1 g) was mixed with 10 mL of dd-water. Then 0.1 mL of this mixture was mixed with dd-water (2.8 mL), 2% Na2CO3 (2 mL), and 50% Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (0.1 mL) prior for vortexing. After 30 min of incubation at room temperature, the absorbance of the mixture was measured at 750 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV-1601; Shimadzu, Japan). Gallic acid was used as a standard (0 to 200 mg/L). Total phenolic compounds are expressed as GAE/100 g dried powder [12].

Manufacture of raw chicken patties

Fresh chicken breasts were obtained from a wholesale meat market in Gwangju, South Korea. They were ground using a grinder (M-12s; Fujee Plant, Busan, Korea). Ground chicken breast, sodium chloride, and additional ingredients were mixed for 1 min, ground in emulsifier, weighed into approximately 60 g, and formed into individual patties. These patties were placed on a polystyrene plate and held inside a refrigerator at 4°C±1°C during 14 days of refrigerated storage [13]. The following groups were included: control (CTL), 0.1% (w/w) ascorbic acid (REF), 0.1% CP + 0.1% OMP (C1M1), 0.1% CM + 0.2% OMP (C1M2), 0.2% CM + 0.1% OMP (C2M1), and 0.2% CP + 0.2% (OMP) (C2M2) (Table 1).

pH and color values

The pH values of raw chicken patties were determined using a pH meter (Mettle-Toledo, Schwarzenbach, Switzerland) for five different locations per sample. Mean values of triplicate samples were calculated to obtain an average pH value. The color of raw chicken patty was determined with a Minolta color reader (Model # CR-10; Minolta, Tokyo, Japan). Results are presented as lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*). Measurement was performed for the surface at six different locations per patty sample. Mean color values of L*, a*, and b* were analyzed to obtain average colorimetric value.

2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance

Lipid oxidation of chicken patties during storage was determined by measuring 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) [14]. Patty samples were ground, weighed (about 2 g), and mixed with 3 mL of 2.5% thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reagent and 17 mL of 1% TCA in tubes with caps. Tubes were placed in a water bath at 90°C for 30 min. The supernatant of each solution was then mixed with 5 mL chloroform and centrifuged at 2,000×rpm for 5 min (VS-5000 N; Vision Scientific Co. Ltd., Bucheon, Korea). Each supernatant was added with approximately 3 mL of petroleum ether and centrifuged at 2,000×rpm for 10 min. Finally, clear solutions were analyzed with a spectrophotometer (UV-1601; Shimadzu, Japan) at wavelength of 532 nm. TBA value was expressed as mg of malondialdehyde (MDA) per kg meat sample.

Microbial counts

For microbial counts, 10 g of homogenized sample was mixed with 90 mL of sterilized water using a stomacher lab blender. Serial dilutions were then made. After that, about 0.1 mL of each diluted sample was inoculated and spread onto the surface of violet red bile agar and plate count agar medium. Plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. All plates were examined visually to count the number of colonies. Microbial colonies were counted and expressed as log 10 colony forming units/g chicken meat.

Volatile basic nitrogen

Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values (mg %) of chicken patties were measured using the Conway method [15] with slight modifications. Briefly, approximately 1 g of each patty sample was homogenized with 9 mL of dd-water using a homogenizer (S25N-18G; IKA, Staufen, Germany) for 1 min at 11,000 rpm and filtered with a Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Approximately 1 mL of the filtrate was transferred to a Conway dish to react with 1 mL of saturated potassium carbonate (K2CO3) solution at 37°C for 120 min. The incubated solution was then titrated with 0.01 N HCl. VBN value was expressed as mg %.

Statistical analysis

All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Data were analyzed using one-way (experiment 1) or two-way (experiment 2) analysis of variance. In experiment 2, if the interaction between two factors was significant (p<0.05), then data were separated by storage time within a treatment or by treatment within a storage time. If the interaction was not significant (p>0.05), then data were pooled by treatment or storage time. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to determine significant differences at 5% level (p<0.05) using SPSS 21.0 program for Windows.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiment 1. Antioxidant activity of cinnamon as affected by different solvent based on DPPH-RSA assay

DPPH assay has been used to estimate antioxidant activities of various food products. DPPH radical, a very stable nitrogen-centered radical, can be used to determine the free radical scavenging ability, which is related to their antioxidant activity. This method is based on the spectrophotometric measurement of DPPH concentration changes resulting from DPPH reaction with an antioxidant [16]. As shown in Table 2, the positive control (AA) had the highest value of DPPH-RSA (p<0.05). Cinnamon powder and CEE 80 (Cinnamon ethanol extract by 80% ethanol) showed higher DPPH-RSA than other treatments (p<0.05). Radical scavenging activities of CP and CEE 80 ranged from 48.1% to 68.8% and from 44.5% to 59.1%, respectively. The DPPH-RSA value was gradually increased with increasing concentration of CP. Mathew and Abraham [17] have reported that the antioxidant activity (RSA) of CP extracted with methanol at 6.25 to 50 μg/mL is increased with increasing concentration. Manchini-Filho et al [18] have reported that phenolic compounds in CP extracts are active components responsible for the antioxidant activity of ethanol-water extracts of CP. In the present study, the antioxidant activity (RSA) of CP was higher with ethanol extraction, particularly with 80% ethanol. Combination of ethanol and water solvent might be suitable for extracting some bioactive compounds with a broad range of polarity. Truong et al [19] have recently found that different extraction solvents with different polarity caused wide variations in the level of bioactive compounds found in the CP extract.

Iron chelating ability

Table 2 shows results of ICA of EDTA, CP, and CP ethanol extract. EDTA as a positive control exhibited the strongest ICA (p<0.05) of 95.8% to 98.6%. The order of ICA in this study was: EDTA>CEE 0>CEE 100>CEE 80>CEE 50>CP (ICA ranges: 95.8% to 98.6%, 21.2% to 83.1%, 15.9% to 53.2%, 19.1% to 39.5%, and 23.5% to 31.9%, respectively). CP alone had the lowest ICA (6.77% to 22.5%). CEE 0 showed higher (p<0.05) ICA than CP and CP ethanol extract. ICA of CP water extract (CEE0) was comparable to that of EDTA. This indicates that the chelating compound in CP might be more soluble in water than in ethanol. These results were similar to a previous study of Cuong and Chin [20]. They reported that water extract of Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) leaves had higher chelating activity than methanol and ethanol extracts. In addition, ICA was increased with increasing CP concentration (0.1% to 1.0%) (p<0.05).

Reducing power

As shown in Table 2, solvent used for extraction affected the RP of CP and CP ethanol extract (p<0.05). However, extracts with different solvent at different concentrations had almost similar values. RP increased with increasing CP concentration (p<0.05). Many studies have indicated that antioxidant activity is related to the development of reductones known to react with certain precursors of peroxide and act as terminators of free radical chain reactions [21]. Ascorbic acid (AA) was used as a positive standard. RP showed the following order: AA>CEE 80>CEE 50>CEE 100>CEE 0>CP. This result indicated that CP ethanol extracts had higher reducing potential than CP and CP water extract. Among different concentrations of ethanol used for extraction, 80% ethanol was the most effective one as CEE 80 showed the highest RP. These results were similar to those of Varalakshmi et al [22]. They reported that RP of aqueous extract of CP was lower than that of methanol or chloroform extract of CP. They also reported that bark extracts functioned as an electron donor which reacted with free radicals to convert them to more stable products, resulting in the termination of radical chain reaction. Different types of solvent can affect the extractability of antioxidants. Water could dissolve alkaloid and glycoside compounds. However, ethanol was effective for extracting sterol, flavonoid, phenolic, and alkaloids [23]. Another study has observed that RP of CP extracted by methanol is the highest, followed by CPs of ethanol and water extracts [24]. Kamleshiya et al [25] reported that methanolic extracts of spices had higher RP than aqueous extracts of spices, with methanolic extracts of Cinnamonum cassia (150 to 200 μg/mL) and Piper nigrum (200 to 250 μg/mL) showing significant activities (>50%).

Total phenolic contents

Total phenolic contents were determined with a spectrometric method according to the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol method. They are expressed as GAE. Phenolics compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acid possess various biological activities which might be related to their antioxidant activity. As shown in Table 3, total phenolic content in ethanol extract of CP was higher (p<0.05) than that in CP water extract. Total phenolic contents ranged from 11.77 to 19.73 mg GAE/g, showing the following order: CEE 80>CEE 50>CEE 100> CWE>CP. However, total phenolic content showed no significant difference among different ethanol extracts. Dvorackova et al [26] have shown that a binary solvent system is more effective than a single solvent system, depending on their relative polarity. The optimum solvent percentage was about 60% (v/v) ethanol at a ratio of 1:20 with cinnamon sample and the optimal extraction temperature and time were 50°C and 90 min, respectively. Abeyeskera et al [27] have found that cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) barks extracted with ethanol have 44.57±0.51 mg GAE/g of total phenolic compound. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) leaf and bark extracts had higher antioxidant activities than extracts of other Cinnamomum species such as C. cassia, C. tamala, and C. verum. Another study has also found that the range of total phenolic compounds in extracts of spices including cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) was 3.53 to 58.25 mg GAE/g with an average value of 19.9 mg GAE/g. The highest level of total phenolic compounds was observed in galangal, whereas the lowest value was found in white pepper as reported by Lu et al [28]. Six phenolic compounds (catechin, p-coumaric, vannilic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid) have been found in CP extracted with subcritical water [29].
Ethanol extracts of freeze-dried CP showed higher levels of phenolic compounds than those of oven-dried CP. Therefore, freeze-drying can enhance the extractability of phenolic compounds since ice crystals can form within the sample matrix and rapture the cell structure, which allows cellular components and solvent to come out as reported by Nicoli et al [30]. Furthermore, the loss of phenolic compounds in CP by oven drying at higher temperature (>88°C) was higher than that by freeze drying. However, thermal processing, sometimes, released more phenolic acids from the breakdown of cellular components due to the heat processing, resulting in accumulation of more antioxidants. During the drying processes, oxidative enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were deactivated, leading to avoid the loss of phenolic compounds as reported by Dewanto et al [31]. Based on the results of the antioxidant activities, data were not consistent. For example, CEE 80 was highest in DPPH, whereas CEE100 was lowest in total plate counts (TPC) in this stduy, which was similar trend to those of RP. Unlike these data, the iron chelating ability was highest in the water extration (CWE) rather than ethanol extraction (CEE), since the CP might be soluble in water rather than ethanol. In TPC, the CEE 80 was better than the CEE 100. The analysis of anitoxidant activities were not similar trend in this study due to the different mechanism of the various antioxidant measurements as reported by Goulas and Manganaris [32].

Experiment 2. Physicochemical and textural properties of chicken patties including pH and color value

Table 4 shows pH values of raw chicken patties with addition of CP and OMP during storage. As shown in Table 2, pH values of raw chicken patties without adding antioxidants (CTL) were higher (p<0.05) than those with addition of CP and OMP. They were also higher than those of REF (0.1% AA). Addition of CP and OMP could decrease pH, regardless of the addition level. However, pH values were found to be similar up to day 3 of storage. They started to increase from 7 days of storage. Then, they became higher toward the end of the storage time. Increased pH values of raw chicken patties with increasing storage time might be partially due to the breakdown of proteins to amino acids or alkali compounds by bacteria during storage. Masniyom et al [33] have reported that pH values of air-stored sea bass are increased during storage. This might be partially due to the production of basic amino acids or amines by bacteria, which are released during protein degradation. These bacteria could use stored glucose. Therefore, products of amino acid decomposition were accumulated, resulting in higher pH values.
CIE L*, a*, b* color values of raw chicken patties with/without antioxidants are shown in Table 4. CIE color values were affected by the addition of cinnamon and oyster mushroom, especially by the addition of 0.2% CP (C2M1, C2M2). Lightness (L*) values of control chicken patty samples were higher than those of treatments (p<0.05). However, these values remained stable up to 14 days during storage. The addition of 0.2% CP decreased L* value (lightness), but increased a* value (redness) and b* value (yellowness) due to original colors of CP and OMP. These results indicate that addition of CP and OMP alone or in combination might improve color values of chicken patties. Gahruie et al [34] observed natural extracts of cinnamon, shirazi, and rosemary with potential to improve color stabilities of frozen beef burger. These materials were able to control lightness and redness values. A similar study [35] has shown that the addition of spices of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum cassia, Origanum vulgare, and Brassica nigra to raw chicken meat can result in higher a* values, which indicated by intense red color due to spice carotenoids.

Volatile basic nitrogen value

Byun et al [36] have described that VBN contents in meat are increased due to deamination of amino acids to ammonia during storage. VBN can be used to examine decomposition of fresh meat and poultry products. Volatile compounds such as (CH3)3NH (trimethylamine), (CH3)2NH (dimethylamine or DMA), and NH3 (ammonia) are products of microbial degradation. They are known as total volatile basic-nitrogen (TVB-N). Hence, TVB-N level is a potential indicator of fish spoilage [37]. As shown in Table 5, VBN values of raw chicken patties were increased in all treatments with increasing storage period. VBN values reached up to 14.64 mg N/100 g at day 14 of storage. Byun et al [36] reported that total VBN values are 20 and 30 mg N/100 g for beef and pork, respectively. Another study conducted by Balamatsia et al [38] found that chicken meat stored in air have acceptable VBN value of 40 mg N/100 g in a refrigerator. In the present study, chicken patties added with AA (REF) had lower VBN values than those treatments (p<0.05). Although no difference in VBN value was found among treatments (p>0.05), VBN values were still lower than those of CTL (no treatment with powder), indicating that combination of CP and OMP might be effective in retarding protein deterioration. In this study, lower VBN values of meat samples might be partially due to antimicrobial activities of CP and OMP. These results have been suggested by Gupta et al [39] who reported that cinamaldehyde compound on cinnamon bark is highly electro-negative, which is associated with biological processes in electron transfer by reacting with nitrogen-containing components, e.g., proteins and nucleic acids, therefore inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.

Microbial counts

As shown in Table 5, both TPC and Enterobacteriaceae were increased rapidly from day 7 throughout the end of storage time. Chicken patties containing C2M1 and C2M2 showed lower TPCs than other treatments, while Enterobacteriaceae counts were lower in all treatments added with natural antioxidant. In this study, addition of CP up to 0.2% (C2) resulted in better antimicrobial activity regardless of OMP addition. These results indicate that the combination of CP and OMP can inhibit the growth of pathogen that partially due to antimicrobial activity of those materials. Hoque et al [40] studied the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon essential oil on ground chicken meat. They found that cinnamon inhibited microbial pathogens such as Pseudomonas, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella. Iwolakun et al [41] have detected phenolics and terpenoids in oyster mushroom. Those constituents might have potential as antimicrobial agents. In addition, Shan et al [42] reported that total phenolics might be significantly associated with antibacterial activity. Extracts from medicinal herbs which contain high levels of phenolic compounds possess strong antibacterial activities. Thus, medicinal herbs might be potential sources of antioxidants that can help fight against foodborne pathogens.

2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

Since there was an interaction between treatment and storage time, data were separated out by treatment within a storage time or by storage time within a treatment. As shown in Figure 1, TBARS values of all treatments were increased with increasing storage time. However, they were decreased with the addition of CP and OMP. Generally, TBARS values might be correlated with the acceptable level for sensory panelists to consume meat products [43]. CTL had the highest TBARS value and REF showed the lowest TBARS value among treatments, while C2M1 and C2M1 had lower TBARS than 0.1% CP at the initial storage (p<0.05). Interestingly, C2M1 and C2M2 were found the lowest TBARS values (comparable to that of AA/REF). These results indicated that increased level of CP was more effective in inhibiting lipid oxidation than those without CP, regardless of the addition of OMP. These results were consistent with those of El-Alim et al [44] who found that dried spices of cinnamon, peppermint, cloves, nutmeg, marjoram, curry, and caraway could inhibit lipid oxidation of raw minced chicken meat by reducing the TBARS level after 6 months frozen storage to two to three times lower than the control (without any spices). In the present study, adding CP and OMP was effective in inhibiting lipid oxidation and microbial count in ground chicken patties during storage. Arbaayah and Umi [45] have reported that phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids and tannins are major components of the antioxidant system in plants and mushrooms.

CONCLUSION

Powder from cinnamon bark was proven to be an antioxidant activity. The highest activity was obtained from CP extracted with ethanol extraction 80%. Raw chicken patties made with CP and OMP had lower pH value, TBA, VBN, and microbial counts of total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae as compared to those in the control during refrigerated storage. Redness (a*) values tended to be stable up to 14 days. However, lightness (L*) was decreased with increasing storage time. This study suggests that the addition of CP and OMP into raw chicken patties improved their shelf-life during refrigerated storage. Adding 0.2% of CP to chicken patties was more effective than others in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, regardless of the OMP levels added.

Notes

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.

FUNDING

This work was supported by a Technology Development Program (# PJ013809022019) funded by Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Figure 1
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) values of chicken patties with various levels of cinnamon and oyster mushroom powder during storage. Treatments: CTL = control (without antioxidants); REF = patties mixed with 0.1% ascorbic acid; C1M1 = patties mixed with 0.1% cinnamon powder; 0.1% oyster mushroom powder, C1M2 = patties mixed with 0.1% cinnamon powder; 0.2% oyster mushroom powder, C2M1 = patties mixed with 0.2% cinnamon powder; 0.1% oyster mushroom powder and C2M2 = patties mixed with 0.2% cinnamon powder; 0.2% oyster mushroom powder.
ab-21-0444f1.jpg
Table 1
Formulation of raw chicken patties with addition of different levels of cinnamon and oyster mushroom powders
Ingredients (%) Treatments1)

CTL REF C1M1 C1M2 C2M1 C2M2
Chicken breast 98.16 98.16 98.16 98.16 98.16 98.16
Salt 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84
Ascorbic acid (AA) 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cinnamon 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20
Oyster mushroom 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.20
Total 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.3 100.4

1) CTL =control (without antioxidants); REF = patties mixed with 0.1% ascorbic acid; C1M1 = patties mixed with 0.1% cinnamon powder, 0.1% oyster mushroom powder; C1M2 = patties mixed with 0.1% cinnamon powder, 0.2% oyster mushroom powder; C2M1 = patties mixed with 0.2% cinnamon powder, 0.1% oyster mushroom powder; C2M2 = patties mixed with 0.2% cinnamon powder, 0.2% oyster mushroom powder.

Table 2
Antioxidant activities of cinnamon powder in various concentrations with different solvent
Parameters Treatments1) Concentration (%)

0 0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0
DPPH-RSA (%) AA 0.00bA 92.8aA 93.3aA 93.4aA 94.8aA
CP 0.00bA 44.5aB 49.2aB 44.9aB 53.1aB
CWE 0.00bA 39.9aC 35.6aBC 36.1aBC 39.5aC
CEE 50 0.00bA 25.6abD 21.4bC 21.5bC 36.8aC
CEE 80 0.00bA 42.1aBC 50.1aB 58.3aB 68.8aB
CEE 100 0.00bA 43.1aB 40.1aB 37.2aBC 37.5aC
Iron chelating ability (%) EDTA 0.00bA 95.8aA 97.9aA 98.3aA 98.6aA
CP 0.00dA 6.77cE 16.9cC 18.8bC 22.5aD
CWE 0.00dA 21.2cB 37.2bB 62.7abB 83.1aB
CEE 50 0.00dA 19.1cD 27.7bBC 25.7aC 39.5aD
CEE 80 0.00dA 23.5cB 26.4bC 26.3abC 33.9aD
CEE 100 0.00dA 15.9cC 19.7bC 25.3abC 53.2aC
Reducing power (%) AA 0.00bA 1.43aA 1.44aA 1.49aA 1.89aA
CP 0.00dA 0.27cB 0.24cC 0.68bC 1.02aC
CWE 0.00dA 0.29cB 0.40cB 0.59abB 1.01aC
CEE 50 0.00dA 0.63cB 1.04bB 1.20abB 1.42aB
CEE 80 0.00dA 0.55cB 1.24bB 1.38abB 1.59aB
CEE 100 0.00dA 0.45cB 0.98bB 1.17aB 1.34aB

DPPH-RSA, 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity.

1) AA, ascorbic acid; CP, cinnamon powder; CWE, cinnamon water extract; CEE 50, cinnamon ethanol (50%) extract powder; CEE 80, cinnamon ethanol (80%) extracted powder: CEE 100, cinnamon ethanol (100%) extracted powder; EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid.

a,b,c,d Means with different superscript letters in the same row indicate differences at p<0.05.

A,B,C,D Means with different superscript letters in the same column indicate differences at p<0.05.

Table 3
Total phenolic compounds (mg GAE/g) of cinnamon powder extracted with different solvents
Treatments1) Cinnamon powder (CP) CWE CEE 50 CEE 80 CEE 100
Total phenolic compounds (mg GAE/g) 11.77b 13.85b 18.26a 19.73a 17.93a

GAE, gallic acid equivalents.

1) CP, cinnamon powder; CWE, cinnamon water extract; CEE 50, cinnamon ethanol (50%) extract powder; CEE 80, cinnamon ethanol (80%) extracted powder: CEE 100, cinnamon ethanol (100%) extracted powder.

a,b Means with different superscript letters in the same column indicate differences at p<0.05.

Table 4
pH and color values of chicken patties as affected by different levels of cinnamon and oyster mushroom powders
Treatments1) Parameter

pH Color L* Color a* Color b*
CTL Mean 6.10c 49.12a −0.53c 5.82c
SD 0.13 0.81 0.66 0.64
REF Mean 5.89a 48.41ab −0.46c 5.82c
SD 0.09 0.98 0.72 0.58
C1M1 Mean 6.00b 48.02abc −0.28b 6.15b
SD 0.10 1.12 0.76 0.75
C1M2 Mean 5.95b 47.55bc −0.24b 6.38ab
SD 0.12 1.05 0.71 0.71
C2M1 Mean 5.95b 46.93c −0.11ab 6.51a
SD 0.10 1.26 0.87 0.75
C2M2 Mean 5.95b 46.96c −0.02a 6.63a
SD 0.10 1.69 0.83 0.74
Storage days
 0 Mean 5.87C 48.13A 1.12A 7.12A
SD 0.05 1.24 0.35 0.50
 3 Mean 5.87C 48.47A −0.51B 5.59D
SD 0.04 1.66 0.31 0.51
 7 Mean 6.02B 47.31A −0.50B 5.67D
SD 0.05 1.27 0.23 0.30
 10 Mean 5.98B 47.54A −0.70C 5.98C
SD 0.09 1.05 0.17 0.41
 14 Mean 6.12A 47.70A −0.77C 6.73B
SD 0.06 1.51 0.16 0.41

SD, standard deviation.

1) CTL =control (without antioxidants); REF = patties mixed with 0.1% ascorbic acid; C1M1 = patties mixed with 0.1% cinnamon powder, 0.1% oyster mushroom powder; C1M2 = patties mixed with 0.1% cinnamon powder, 0.2% oyster mushroom powder; C2M1 = patties mixed with 0.2% cinnamon powder, 0.1% oyster mushroom powder; C2M2 = patties mixed with 0.2% cinnamon powder, 0.2% oyster mushroom powder.

a,b,c Means with different superscripts among treatments are different (p<0.05).

A,B,C,D Means with different superscripts the same storage days are different (p<0.05).

Table 5
Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), total plate counts (TPC), and Enterobacteriaceae (VRB) of chicken patties as affected by different levels of cinnamon and oyster mushroom powders
Treatments1) Parameters

VBN (mg/100 g) TPC (log cfu/g) VRB (log cfu/g)
CTL Mean 11.58a 4.20a 4.17a
SD 2.95 0.79 0.75
REF Mean 9.77c 3.94bc 3.76b
SD 2.42 0.79 0.58
C1M1 Mean 10.57b 4.05b 3.82b
SD 2.63 0.61 0.57
C1M2 Mean 10.52b 3.95bc 3.80b
SD 2.83 0.77 0.65
C2M1 Mean 10.87b 3.88c 3.77b
SD 3.16 0.72 0.52
C2M2 Mean 10.57b 3.90c 3.71b
SD 2.87 0.64 0.62
Storage days
 0 Mean 6.63C 3.51D 3.25E
SD 0.54 0.14 0.13
 3 Mean 10.48B 3.43D 3.39D
SD 1.32 0.24 0.14
 7 Mean 10.69B 3.65C 3.56C
SD 1.13 0.17 0.20
 10 Mean 10.79B 4.08B 4.24B
SD 1.01 0.19 0.28
 14 Mean 14.64A 5.25A 4.76A
SD 1.07 0.18 0.25

VBN, volatile basic nitrogen; TPC, total plate counts; VRB, violet red bile; SD, standard deviation.

1) CTL =control (without antioxidants); REF = patties mixed with 0.1% ascorbic acid; C1M1 = patties mixed with 0.1% cinnamon powder, 0.1% oyster mushroom powder; C1M2 = patties mixed with 0.1% cinnamon powder, 0.2% oyster mushroom powder; C2M1 = patties mixed with 0.2% cinnamon powder, 0.1% oyster mushroom powder; C2M2 = patties mixed with 0.2% cinnamon powder, 0.2% oyster mushroom powder.

a,b,c Means with different superscripts among treatments are different (p<0.05).

A,B,C,D,E Means with different superscripts among storage days are different (p<0.05).

REFERENCES

1. Bewer MS. Natural antioxidants: sources, compounds, mechanisms of action, and potential applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2011; 10:221–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00156.x
crossref
2. Falowo AB, Fayemi PO, Muchenje V. Natural antioxidants against lipid-protein oxidative deterioration in meat and meat products. A review. Food Res Int 2014; 64:171–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.022
crossref pmid
3. Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, et al. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:96 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096
crossref pmid pmc
4. Sun T, Ho CT. Antioxidant activities of buckwheat extracts. Food Chem 2005; 90:743–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.035
crossref
5. Palmieri B, Sblendorio V. Oxidative stress tests: overview on reliability and use Part I. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2007; 11:309–42. http://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/456.pdf
pmid
6. Miyamura M, Nohara T, Tomimatsu T, Nishiokat I. Seven aromatic compounds from bark of Cinnamomum cassia. Phytochemistry 1983; 22:215–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80092-8
crossref
7. Muchuweti M, Kativu E, Mupure CH, Chidewe C, Ndhlala AR, Benhura MAN. Phenolic compound and antioxidant properties of some spices. Am J Food Technol 2007; 2:414–20. https://docsdrive.com/pdfs/academicjournals/ajft/2007/414-420.pdf

8. Murcia MA, Egea I, Romojaro F, Parras F, Jiménez AM, Martínez-Tomé M. Antioxidant evaluation in dessert spices compared with common food additives. influence of irradiation procedure. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52:1872–81. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0303114
crossref pmid
9. Gogavekar SS, Rokade SA, Ranveer RC, Ghosh JS, Kalyani DC, Sahoo AK. Important nutritional constituents, flavour components, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Pleurotus sajor-caju. J Food Sci Technol 2014; 51:1483–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0656-5
crossref pmid pmc
10. Huang SJ, Tsai SY, Mau JL. Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Agrocybe cylindracea. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2006; 39:378–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.02.012
crossref
11. Le K, Francis C, Ken N. Identification and quantification of antioxidants in Fructus lycii. Food Chem 2007; 105:353–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.063
crossref
12. Lin JY, Tang CY. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in selected fruits and vegetables, as well as their stimulatory effects on mouse splenocyte proliferation. Food Chem 2007; 101:140–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.014
crossref
13. Kim HS, Chin KB. Effects of drying temperature on antioxidant activities of tomato powder and storage stability of pork patties. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.014
crossref pmid pmc
14. Sinnhuber RO, Yu TC. The 2-thiobarbituric acid reaction, an objective measure of the oxidative deterioration occurring in fats and oils. J Japan Oil Chemist’s Soc 1977; 26:259–67. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos1956.26.259
crossref
15. Li WQ, Wang J, Sun JF, Li WQ, Wang YJ, Zhang GJ. Shelf-life prediction modeling of vacuum-packaged scallops on the kinetics of total volatile base nitrogen. Int J Food Sci Eng 2011; 7:1–15. https://doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.2359
crossref
16. Meng RG, Tian YC, Yang Y, Shi J. Evaluation of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of Ligularia fischeri in vitro: a case study of Shaanxi region. Indian J Pharm Sci 2016; 78:436–442. https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000137
crossref
17. Mathew S, Abraham TE. In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of Cinnamomum verum leaf extract assayed by different methodologies. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:198–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.013
crossref pmid
18. Manchini-Filho J, Van-Koij A, Mancini DAP, Cozzolino FF, Torres RP. Antioxidant activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Breyne) extracts. Boll Chim Farm 1998; 137:443–7.
pmid
19. Truong DH, Nguyen DH, Ta NTA, Bul AV, Do TH, Nguyen HC. Evaluation of the use of different solvents for phytochemical constituents, antioxidants, and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Severinia buxifolia. J Food Qual 2019; 2019:8178294 https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8178294
crossref
20. Cuong TV, Chin KB. Evaluation of Cudrania tricuspidata leaves on antioxidant activities and physicochemical properties of pork patties. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:889–900. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2018.e22
crossref pmid pmc
21. Singh N, Rajini PS. Free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extract of potato peel. Food Chem 2004; 85:611–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.07.003
crossref
22. Varalakshmi B, Vijaya AA, Vijayakumar K, Prasana R. In vitro antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum linn bark. Int J Sci Ins Pharm Life Sci 2012; 2:118125

23. Widyawati PS, Tarsisius DWB, Fenny AK, Evelyn LW. Difference of solvent polarity to phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Pluchea incicia less leaves extract. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2014; 6:850–5. http://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJPPR/6/IJPPR,Vol6,Issue4,Article29.pdf

24. Georgieva L, Mihaylova D. Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant potential of extracts obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum barks. Sci Work Russian Univer 2014; 53:41–5.

25. Kamleshiya P, Meshram VG, Ansari AH. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanolic spice extracts. Int J Life Sci Pharm Res 2012; 2:118–25. https://www.ijlpr.com/admin/php/uploads/108_pdf.pdf

26. Dvorackova E, Snoblova M, Chromcova L, Hrdlicka P. Effects of extraction methods on the phenolic compounds contents and antioxidant capacities of cinnamon extracts. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015; 24:1201–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-015-0154-4
crossref
27. Abeyeskera WPKM, Premakumara GAS, Ratnasooriya WD. In vitro antioxidant properties of leaf and bark extracts of ceyclon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume). Trop Agric Res 2013; 24:128–38.

28. Lu M, Yuan B, Zeng M, Chen J. Antioxidant capacity and major phenolic compounds of spices commonly consumed in China. Food Res Int 2011; 44:530–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.10.055
crossref
29. Khuwijitjaru P, Nucha S, Suched S, Parinda P, Prasong S, Shuji A. Subcritical water extraction of flavoring and phenolic compounds from cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). J Oleo Sci 2012; 61:345–55. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.61.349
crossref
30. Nicoli MC, Anese M, Parpinel M. Influence of processing on the antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetables. Trends Food Sci Technol 1999; 10:94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00023-0
crossref
31. Dewanto V, Wu XZ, Adom KK, Liu RH. Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50:3010–4. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0115589
crossref pmid
32. Goulas V, Manganaris GA. Exploring the phytochemical content and the antioxidant potential of citrus fruits grown in cyprus. Food Chem 2012; 131:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.007
crossref
33. Masniyom P, Benjakul S, Visessaguan W. Shelf-life extension of refrigerated seabass slices under modified atmosphere packaging. J Sci Food Agric 2002; 82:873–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1108
crossref
34. Gahruie HH, Hosseini SMH, Taghavirad MH, Eskandari MH, Golmakani MT, Shad E. Lipid oxidation, color changes, and microbiological quality of frozen beef burgers incorporated with shirazi thyme, cinnamon, and rosemary extracts. J Food Qual 2017; 2017:6350156 https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6350156
crossref
35. Krishnan KR, Babuskin S, Babu PAS, et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of spice extracts on the shelf life extension of raw chicken meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 171:32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.011
crossref pmid
36. Byun JS, Min JS, Kim IS, Kim JW, Chung MS, Lee M. Comparison of indicators of microbial quality of meat during aerobic cold storage. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1733–7. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-66.9.1733
crossref pmid
37. Pacquit A, Lau KT, McLaughlin H, Frisby J, Quilty B, Diamond D. Development of a volatile amine sensor for the monitoring of fish spoilage. Talanta 2006; 69:515–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.10.046
crossref pmid
38. Balamatsia CC, Patsias A, Kontominas MG, Savvaidis IN. Possible role of volatile amines as quality-indicating metabolites in modified atmosphere-packaged chicken fillets: Correlation with microbiological and sensory attributes. Food Chem 2007; 104:1622–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.013
crossref
39. Gupta C, Garg AP, Prakash D, Goyal S, Gupta S. Comparative study of cinnamon oil & clove oil on some oral microbiota. Pharmacologyonline 2011; 2:45–9.

40. Hoque MM, Bari ML, Juneja VK, Kawamoto S. Antimicrobial activity of cloves and cinnamon extracts against food borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria, and inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in ground chicken meat with their essential oils. Rep Nat Food Resear Inst 2008; 72:9–21.

41. Iwolakun BA, Usen UA, Otunba AA, Alukoya DK. Comparative phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus. Afr J Biotechnol 2007; 6:1732–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.003
crossref
42. Shan B, Cai YZ, Brooks JD, Corke H. The in vitro antibacterial activity of dietary spice and medicinal herb extracts. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 117:112–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.003
crossref pmid
43. Greene BA, Cumuze TH. Relationship between TBA numbers and inexperienced panelists’ asessments of oxidized flavor in cooked beef. J Food Sci 1982; 47:52–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb11025.x
crossref
44. El-Alim SSLA, Lugasi A, Hovari J, Dworschak E. Culinary herbs inhibit lipid oxidation in raw and cooked minced meat patties during storage. J Sci Food Agric 1999; 79:277–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199902)79:2<277::AID-JSFA181>3.0.CO;2-S
crossref
45. Arbaayah HH, Umi KY. Antioxidant properties in the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) and spit gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) ethanolic extracts. Mycosphere 2013; 4:661–73. https//doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/4/4/2
crossref
TOOLS
METRICS Graph View
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
  • 3 Scopus
  • 2,946 View
  • 124 Download
Related articles


Editorial Office
Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies(AAAP)
Room 708 Sammo Sporex, 23, Sillim-ro 59-gil, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08776, Korea   
TEL : +82-2-888-6558    FAX : +82-2-888-6559   
E-mail : editor@animbiosci.org               

Copyright © 2024 by Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies.

Developed in M2PI

Close layer
prev next