Anim Biosci > Volume 33(6); 2020 > Article |
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Items (%) | Control1) | OR-25 | OR-50 |
---|---|---|---|
Rice straw | 8.45 | 4.23 | - |
Oak roughage | - | 3.12 | 6.24 |
Alfalfa | 6.65 | 6.65 | 6.65 |
Corn gluten feed | 10.99 | 10.99 | 10.99 |
Beet pulp | 7.02 | 7.02 | 7.02 |
Corn flake | 21.27 | 21.27 | 21.27 |
Brewers grain TMR2) | 34.98 | 34.98 | 34.98 |
Water | 8.83 | 9.93 | 11.04 |
Vitamin, mineral premix | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Limestone | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 |
Salt | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 |
Sodium bicarbonate | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Chemical composition (DM basis, %) | |||
DM | 64.60 | 63.20 | 64.30 |
CP | 13.82 | 14.25 | 14.57 |
EE | 3.60 | 4.02 | 3.92 |
CF | 16.29 | 17.50 | 20.21 |
Ash | 7.15 | 7.41 | 7.33 |
NDF | 50.88 | 48.22 | 49.77 |
ADF | 28.02 | 25.77 | 29.23 |
ADL | 3.45 | 3.46 | 4.73 |
NFE | 23.74 | 20.02 | 18.27 |
NFC | 24.55 | 26.10 | 24.41 |
TDN3) | 71.73 | 72.44 | 69.97 |
TMR, total mixed rations (as fed basis); DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; CF, crude fiber; NDF, neutral detergent-insoluble fiber; ADF, acid detergent-insoluble fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; NFE, nitrogen free extract; NFC, non-fiber carbohydrate; TDN, total digestible nutrients.
1) Control, 0% of oak roughage of total roughage in TMR; OR-25, 25% of oak roughage of total roughage in TMR; OR-50, 50% of oak roughage of total roughage in TMR.
2) Molasses, 8.09%; soybean hulls, 8.09%; wheat bran, 13.53%; brewers grain, 13.53%; soybean curd cake, 48.37%; rice bran, 8.09%.
3) Calculated by 0.93×CP+0.92×(1+EE−ash−CP−NDF)+0.75×(NDF−ADL)×(1−(ADL)2/3/(NDF)2/3) [15].
Item | U-O1) | T-O | U-P | T-P | RS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM | 91.87 | 94.80 | 93.13 | 94.70 | 90.91 |
CP | 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 5.07 |
EE | 0.11 | 0.71 | 3.60 | 3.00 | 1.99 |
CF | 65.86 | 57.13 | 77.29 | 72.77 | 32.04 |
Ash | 0.91 | 0.76 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 16.73 |
NDF | 86.54 | 71.54 | 92.37 | 80.52 | 66.70 |
ADF | 63.36 | 60.54 | 74.13 | 73.16 | 45.13 |
ADL | 12.97 | 12.70 | 27.58 | 27.29 | 5.23 |
NFE | 24.05 | 35.39 | 11.37 | 18.11 | 35.08 |
NFC | 11.50 | 26.18 | 3.16 | 15.65 | 9.51 |
TDN2) | 51.27 | 56.34 | 36.89 | 40.87 | 54.78 |
Total tannin | 0.87 | 1.43 | 0.02 | 0.56 | - |
DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; CF, crude fiber; NDF, neutral detergent-insoluble fiber; ADF, acid detergent-insoluble fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; NFE, nitrogen free extract; NFC, non-fiber carbohydrate; TDN, total digestible nutrients.
1) U-O, untreated oak (Quercus mongolica); T-O, treated oak; U-P, untreated pine (Pinus rigida); T-P, treated pine; RS, rice straw, adopted from RDA [35].
2) Calculated by 0.93×CP+0.92×(1+EE−ash−CP−NDF)+0.75×(NDF−ADL)×(1−(ADL)2/3/(NDF)2/3) [15].
Time (h) | U-O1) (A) | T-O (B) | U-P (C) | T-P (D) | (B−A) | (D−C) | SEM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 8.88c | 23.53a | 5.86d | 12.10b | 14.65 | 6.24 | 0.258 |
4 | 10.43c | 27.55a | 6.07d | 15.21b | 17.12 | 9.14 | 0.125 |
8 | 10.30c | 27.15a | 6.11d | 15.83b | 16.85 | 9.72 | 0.189 |
12 | 8.18c | 26.41a | 4.77c | 13.58b | 18.23 | 8.81 | 0.823 |
24 | 9.07c | 26.05a | 3.32d | 12.23b | 16.98 | 8.91 | 0.322 |
48 | 11.49c | 37.25a | 5.40d | 14.97b | 25.76 | 9.57 | 0.656 |
72 | 11.88b | 38.12a | 6.09c | 12.47b | 26.24 | 6.38 | 0.508 |
96 | 11.33b | 37.86a | 3.02c | 11.41b | 26.53 | 8.39 | 0.494 |
120 | 12.00c | 44.48a | 3.29d | 12.93b | 32.48 | 9.64 | 0.080 |
Degradation characteristics of DM and ED | |||||||
a2) (%) | 8.50 | 24.77 | 0.77 | 12.21 | - | - | - |
b3) (%) | 3.50 | 19.70 | 2.52 | 0.71 | - | - | - |
c4)/h | 0.042 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.007 | - | - | - |
a+b5) (%) | 12.00 | 44.48 | 3.29 | 12.93 | - | - | - |
ED6) (%) | 10.86 | 32.75 | 1.96 | 12.41 | - | - | - |
1) U-O, untreated oak (Quercus mongolica); T-O, treated oak; U-P, untreated pine (Pinus rigida); T-P, treated pine.
2)–5) Constants mean the equation P = a +b (1−e−ct); ED = a+b*[c/(c+k)] where “P” is; “a”, rapidly degradable fraction, “b”, insoluble fraction but degraded over time in rumen, “c”, constant for b fraction, “a+b”, potentially degradable fraction (Orskov and McDonald [10]).
Item | Treatments1) | SEM | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
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Control | OR-25 | OR-50 | ||
BW (kg) | ||||
Initial (0 d) | 439.7 | 454.3 | 453.0 | 18.729 |
Second (12 d) | 454.0 | 470.7 | 472.8 | 16.709 |
Third (32 d) | 482.3 | 497.2 | 499.2 | 17.275 |
Final (52 d) | 500.0 | 521.7 | 522.8 | 18.506 |
ADG (kg/d) | ||||
0 to 12 d | 1.58 | 1.55 | 1.78 | 0.205 |
13 to 31 d | 1.46 | 1.49 | 1.35 | 0.112 |
32 to 52 d | 1.05 | 1.26 | 1.04 | 0.088 |
0 to 52 d | 1.17 | 1.31 | 1.35 | 0.078 |
DMI (kg/d) | ||||
0 to 12 d | 8.98 | 8.85 | 9.00 | 0.012 |
13 to 31 d | 9.03 | 8.85 | 9.00 | 0.003 |
32 to 52 d | 9.01 | 8.81 | 8.96 | 0.018 |
0 to 52 d | 9.01 | 8.83 | 8.98 | 0.009 |
FCR (F/G) | ||||
0 to 12 d | 5.97 | 6.08 | 5.32 | 0.778 |
13 to 31 d | 6.30 | 6.37 | 6.71 | 0.486 |
32 to 52 d | 8.86 | 7.02 | 8.80 | 0.655 |
0 to 52 d | 7.90 | 6.85 | 6.75 | 0.440 |
Item | Lying | Total standing1) (Standing)2) | Rumination3) | Drinking | Eating | Walking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (total min/14 h) | ||||||
Control4) | 348.1 | 492.9 (184.6) | 107.5 | 7.4 | 198.3 | 102.6a |
OR-25 | 381.4 | 458.7 (231.2) | 101.9 | 11.1 | 169.7 | 46.7b |
OR-50 | 372.6 | 467.3 (224.1) | 90.4 | 6.8 | 166.4 | 70.0ab |
SEM | 22.28 | 22.82 (16.09) | 11.37 | 1.56 | 14.39 | 21.20 |
Time (min/h) | ||||||
Control4) | 24.86 | 35.20 (13.18) | 7.68 | 0.53 | 14.16 | 7.33a |
OR-25 | 27.24 | 32.75 (16.51) | 7.28 | 0.79 | 12.12 | 3.33b |
OR-50 | 26.61 | 33.32 (15.95) | 6.46 | 0.48 | 11.89 | 5.00ab |
SEM | 1.61 | 1.98 (0.86) | 0.81 | 0.11 | 1.03 | 1.51 |
Percentage (%) | ||||||
Control4) | 41.44 | 58.66 (21.97) | 12.80 | 0.88 | 23.60 | 12.21a |
OR-25 | 45.40 | 54.60 (27.52) | 12.13 | 1.32 | 20.20 | 5.56b |
OR-50 | 44.36 | 55.21 (26.27) | 10.76 | 0.80 | 19.81 | 8.33ab |
SEM | 2.72 | 2.72 (2.11) | 1.35 | 0.19 | 1.71 | 2.52 |