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Items | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | |||
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CON | PKE | CON | PKE | CON | PKE | |
Ingredient (%) | ||||||
Corn | 39.60 | 22.50 | 44.95 | 27.85 | 54.80 | 37.70 |
Soybean meal, 48% | 10.00 | 7.00 | 18.00 | 15.00 | 24.00 | 21.00 |
Palm kernel expellers2 | - | 20.00 | - | 20.00 | - | 20.00 |
Dried whey | 22.00 | 22.00 | 16.00 | 16.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Spray dried plasma | 8.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | - | - |
Fish meal | 10.00 | 10.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
Lactose | 6.00 | 6.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | - | - |
Soybean oil | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Limestone | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
Dicalcium phosphate | - | - | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
Zinc oxide | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | - | - |
Salt | - | - | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Vitamin premix3 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Mineral premix4 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
L-lysine-HCl | - | 0.10 | - | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Calculated energy and nutrient contents | ||||||
ME (Mcal/kg) | 3.57 | 3.51 | 3.51 | 3.44 | 3.47 | 3.41 |
CP (%) | 23.10 | 23.70 | 23.00 | 23.50 | 21.10 | 21.70 |
Crude fat (%) | 2.84 | 4.45 | 2.92 | 4.53 | 2.94 | 4.54 |
Crude fiber (%) | 1.21 | 4.10 | 1.62 | 4.51 | 2.04 | 4.93 |
NDF (%) | 4.43 | 13.92 | 5.57 | 15.06 | 6.96 | 16.45 |
ADF (%) | 1.67 | 8.48 | 2.24 | 9.06 | 2.85 | 9.66 |
Calcium (%) | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.86 |
Phosphorus (%) | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.71 |
Lysine (%) | 1.60 | 1.62 | 1.48 | 1.50 | 1.37 | 1.39 |
ME, metabolizable energy; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; GE, gross energy; DM, dry matter.
1 Phase 1 = wk 1 (7 days), phase 2 = wk 2 to 3 (14 days), phase 3 = wk 4 to 6 (21 days). CON, control diet based on corn and soybean meal; PKE, CON+ 20% palm kernel expellers.
2 The analyzed energy and nutrient contents of palm kernel expellers are 4,492 kcal/kg GE, 94.3% DM, 16.9% CP, 9.0% ether extract, 13.3% crude fiber, 4.5% ash, 53.9% NDF, and 26.9% ADF.
Item | Treatments2 | SEM | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
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CON | PKE | |||
Phase 1 | ||||
Initial BW (kg) | 6.87 | 7.02 | 0.24 | 0.67 |
Final BW (kg) | 7.27 | 7.46 | 0.25 | 0.59 |
Feed intake (kg) | 4.11 | 4.15 | 0.10 | 0.78 |
ADG (g/d) | 57.14 | 63.86 | 10.32 | 0.65 |
ADFI (g/d) | 146.79 | 148.21 | 3.60 | 0.78 |
G:F (g/g) | 0.384 | 0.439 | 0.070 | 0.59 |
Phase 2 | ||||
Initial BW (kg) | 7.27 | 7.46 | 0.25 | 0.59 |
Final BW (kg) | 10.28 | 10.90 | 0.29 | 0.15 |
Feed intake (kg) | 19.20 | 26.36 | 0.63 | <0.05 |
ADG (g/d) | 215.19 | 245.67 | 10.81 | 0.06 |
ADFI (g/d) | 342.84 | 470.75 | 11.19 | <0.05 |
G:F (g/g) | 0.628 | 0.522 | 0.022 | <0.05 |
Phase 3 | ||||
Initial BW (kg) | 10.28 | 10.90 | 0.29 | 0.15 |
Final BW (kg) | 22.09 | 23.10 | 0.45 | 0.13 |
Feed intake (kg) | 60.00 | 61.79 | 0.89 | 0.17 |
ADG (g/d) | 562.14 | 580.67 | 16.68 | 0.44 |
ADFI (g/d) | 714.29 | 735.54 | 10.65 | 0.17 |
G:F (g/g) | 0.786 | 0.792 | 0.022 | 0.87 |
Overall | ||||
Initial BW (kg) | 6.87 | 7.02 | 0.24 | 0.67 |
Final BW (kg) | 22.09 | 23.10 | 0.45 | 0.13 |
Feed intake (kg) | 83.31 | 92.30 | 1.19 | <0.05 |
ADG (g/d) | 362.33 | 382.87 | 7.09 | 0.05 |
ADFI (g/d) | 495.89 | 549.39 | 7.09 | <0.05 |
G:F (g/g) | 0.731 | 0.698 | 0.014 | 0.11 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; BW, body weight; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; G:F, gain-to-feed ratio.
Item | Treatments2 | SEM | p-value | |
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CON | PKE | |||
Apparent total tract digestibility | ||||
Dry matter (%) | 73.88 | 74.24 | 1.03 | 0.81 |
Nitrogen (%) | 69.90 | 70.25 | 1.62 | 0.88 |
Energy (%) | 73.73 | 75.06 | 1.13 | 0.41 |
Frequency of diarrhea (%)3 | 24.7 | 14.7 | - | 0.08 |
Number of white blood cells (×103/μL) | ||||
Before weaning | 9.50 | 9.18 | 0.67 | 0.74 |
d 7 after weaning | 9.56 | 8.19 | 0.51 | 0.07 |
Number of red blood cells (×106/μL) | ||||
Before weaning | 2.70 | 2.61 | 0.14 | 0.64 |
d 7 after weaning | 3.25 | 2.92 | 0.12 | 0.09 |
Packed cell volume (%) | ||||
Before weaning | 11.30 | 10.72 | 0.64 | 0.52 |
d 7 after weaning | 12.61 | 11.06 | 0.56 | 0.06 |