Anim Biosci > Volume 28(6); 2015 > Article |
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Item | Experimental feed | |||||
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Concentrate1 | Corn silage | LSO | SFO | FO | Molasses | |
Chemical composition (% DM) | ||||||
DM | 91.18 | 23.45 | - | - | - | 75.63 |
OM | 90.84 | 90.97 | - | - | - | 88.44 |
CP | 21.13 | 9.75 | - | - | - | 1.23 |
EE | 3.79 | 1.84 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Ash | 9.16 | 9.03 | - | - | - | 11.56 |
NFC2 | 24.54 | 13.91 | - | - | - | - |
NDF | 41.38 | 65.47 | - | - | - | - |
ADF | 28.43 | 41.69 | - | - | - | - |
Lignin (sa) | 3.60 | 4.40 | - | - | - | - |
NEL (Mcal/kg)3 | 1.79 | 1.35 | 4.39 | 4.39 | 4.39 | 1.88 |
Fatty acid composition (g/100 g FA) | ||||||
C12:0 | 20.16 | 2.98 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | - |
C14:0 | 6.62 | 4.78 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 3.80 | - |
C16:0 | 14.38 | 33.04 | 5.56 | 6.52 | 22.84 | - |
C18:0 | 2.92 | 17.38 | 3.20 | 3.38 | 6.21 | - |
c9-C18:1 | 26.56 | 12.46 | 17.92 | 27.19 | 12.51 | - |
c9,c12-C18:2 | 23.66 | 20.15 | 16.40 | 59.10 | 1.67 | - |
C18:3n-3 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 55.82 | 1.60 | 0.10 | - |
C20:5n-3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.12 | - |
C22:6n-3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 36.30 | - |
SFA | 47.51 | 67.38 | 9.06 | 10.28 | 37.52 | - |
UFA | 52.49 | 32.62 | 90.94 | 89.72 | 62.48 | - |
MUFA | 26.80 | 12.47 | 18.05 | 27.30 | 13.66 | - |
PUFA | 25.69 | 20.15 | 72.89 | 62.42 | 48.82 | - |
n-3 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 56.09 | 1.80 | 44.69 | - |
n-6 | 23.66 | 20.15 | 16.80 | 60.62 | 4.13 | - |
LSO, linseed oil; SFO, sunflower oil; FO, fish oil; DM, dry matter; OM, organic matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; NFC, non fiber carbohydrate; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; NEL, net energy for lactation; FA, fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids; UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
1 Contained (as DM basis): 32% cassava distillers dried meal, 20% soybean meal, 17.5% corn distillers dried grains with solubles, 10% rice bran, 10% wheat bran, 8% molasses, and 2.5% mineral and vitamin mix. Mineral and vitamin mix: provided per kg of concentrate including vitamin A, 5,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,200 IU; vitamin E, 15 IU; Ca, 8.5 g; P, 6 g; K, 9.5 g; Mg, 2.4 g; Na, 2.1 g; Cl, 3.4 g; S, 3.2 g; Co, 0.16 mg; Cu, 100 mg; I, 1.3 mg; Mn, 64 mg; Zn, 64 mg; Fe, 64 mg; Se, 0.45 mg.
3 Calculated using published formulas of NRC (2001).
Item | Experimental treatment1 | |||
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Control | LSO-FO | SFO-FO | MIX-O | |
Ingredient composition (% DM) | ||||
Concentrate | 55.07 | 54.00 | 53.92 | 54.25 |
Corn silage | 41.51 | 39.30 | 39.17 | 39.08 |
Linseed oil | - | 1.47 | - | 0.98 |
Sunflower oil | - | - | 1.48 | 0.98 |
Fish oil | - | 1.47 | 1.48 | 0.98 |
Molasses | 3.42 | 3.76 | 3.94 | 3.72 |
Chemical composition (% DM) | ||||
DM | 62.53 | 61.30 | 61.33 | 61.44 |
OM | 90.81 | 88.13 | 88.10 | 88.12 |
CP | 15.73 | 15.29 | 15.26 | 15.32 |
EE | 2.85 | 5.71 | 5.73 | 5.72 |
Ash | 9.19 | 8.93 | 8.93 | 8.93 |
NFC | 19.29 | 18.72 | 18.68 | 18.75 |
NDF | 49.96 | 48.08 | 47.96 | 48.03 |
ADF | 32.96 | 31.74 | 31.66 | 31.72 |
Lignin (sa) | 3.81 | 3.67 | 3.66 | 3.67 |
NEL (Mcal/kg) | 1.61 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 |
Fatty acid composition (g/100 g FA) | ||||
C12:0 | 15.56 | 7.62 | 7.59 | 7.63 |
C14:0 | 6.13 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.66 |
C16:0 | 19.38 | 16.65 | 16.88 | 15.31 |
C18:0 | 6.79 | 5.67 | 5.71 | 5.43 |
c9-C18:1 | 22.78 | 18.93 | 21.31 | 21.00 |
c9,c12-C18:2 | 22.72 | 15.69 | 26.70 | 24.28 |
C18:3n-3 | 1.49 | 15.12 | 1.16 | 10.61 |
C20:5n-3 | 0.00 | 2.09 | 2.10 | 1.49 |
C22:6n-3 | 0.00 | 9.35 | 9.40 | 6.23 |
SFA | 52.83 | 37.56 | 37.78 | 35.29 |
UFA | 47.17 | 62.44 | 62.22 | 64.71 |
MUFA | 22.96 | 19.35 | 21.73 | 21.33 |
PUFA | 24.21 | 43.09 | 40.49 | 43.38 |
n-3 | 1.49 | 26.67 | 12.76 | 18.35 |
n-6 | 22.72 | 16.42 | 27.73 | 25.03 |
DM, dry matter; OM, organic matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; NFC, non fiber carbohydrate; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; NEL, net energy for lactation; FA, fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acids; UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Item | Treatment1 | SEM | p-value | |||
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Control | LSO-FO | SFO-FO | MIX-O | |||
Live weight (LW, kg) | 350.67 | 337.17 | 338.25 | 341.25 | 34.64 | 0.90 |
Intake of main components | ||||||
DM (kg/d) | ||||||
Total | 11.05a | 10.06ab | 9.60b | 10.15ab | 1.10 | 0.02 |
Concentrate | 6.09a | 5.43b | 5.18b | 5.51b | 0.38 | 0.01 |
Corn silage | 4.59 | 3.96 | 3.76 | 3.97 | 1.00 | 0.11 |
Molasses | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | - | - |
Added oil | 0.00b | 0.30a | 0.28a | 0.30a | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Added oil/DMI (%) | 0.00b | 2.95a | 3.00a | 2.97a | 0.27 | 0.01 |
C2 (%) | 57.74 | 58.12 | 58.59 | 58.63 | 6.20 | 0.97 |
R2 (%) | 42.26 | 41.88 | 41.41 | 41.37 | 6.20 | 0.97 |
DMI/LW (g/kg) | 31.84 | 30.09 | 28.79 | 29.87 | 4.50 | 0.58 |
CP (kg/d) | 1.76a | 1.56b | 1.48b | 1.57b | 0.13 | 0.01 |
NEL (Mcal/d) | 17.80 | 17.08 | 16.30 | 17.24 | 1.84 | 0.23 |
Intake of FA (g/d) | ||||||
C12:0 | 49.03a | 43.81b | 41.75b | 44.38b | 3.00 | 0.01 |
C14:0 | 19.31b | 22.84a | 21.86a | 21.28a | 1.52 | 0.01 |
C16:0 | 61.07b | 95.66a | 92.89a | 89.00a | 7.78 | 0.01 |
C18:0 | 21.41b | 32.58a | 31.41a | 31.55a | 3.56 | 0.01 |
c9-C18:1 | 71.79c | 108.77b | 117.27ab | 122.05a | 7.44 | 0.01 |
c9,c12-C18:2 | 71.59c | 90.12b | 146.92a | 141.13a | 8.69 | 0.01 |
C18:3n-3 | 4.68c | 86.87a | 6.40c | 61.64b | 4.50 | 0.01 |
C20:5n-3 | 0.00c | 12.01a | 11.57a | 8.10b | 0.68 | 0.01 |
C22:6n-3 | 0.00c | 53.68a | 51.71a | 36.28b | 3.05 | 0.01 |
SFA | 166.49b | 215.77a | 207.90a | 205.14a | 16.70 | 0.01 |
UFA | 148.63c | 358.72ab | 342.34b | 376.06a | 23.39 | 0.01 |
MUFA | 72.36c | 111.17b | 119.54ab | 123.95a | 7.56 | 0.01 |
PUFA | 76.28c | 247.55a | 222.79b | 252.11a | 16.03 | 0.01 |
n-3 | 4.68d | 153.21a | 70.21c | 106.61b | 8.10 | 0.01 |
n-6 | 71.59c | 94.35b | 152.59a | 145.50a | 8.95 | 0.01 |
Total FA | 315.12b | 574.49a | 550.23a | 581.20a | 38.33 | 0.01 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; DM, dry matter; DMI, dry matter intake; CP, crude protein; NEL, net energy for lactation; FA, fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids; UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
1 Control, basal diet without oil supplement; LSO-FO, 3% linseed and fish oils at 1:1; SFO-FO, 3% sunflower and fish oils at 1:1; MIX-O, 3% mixture of linseed, sunflower, and fish oils at 1:1:1.
Variable | Treatment1 | SEM | p-value | |||
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Control | LSO-FO | SFO-FO | MIX-O | |||
Yield | ||||||
Milk (kg/d) | 12.41 | 11.29 | 11.02 | 12.02 | 1.21 | 0.13 |
3.5% FCM2 (kg/d) | 13.14a | 11.26ab | 9.77b | 11.30ab | 2.27 | 0.02 |
ECM3 (Mcal/d) | 12.89a | 11.11ab | 9.92b | 11.29ab | 1.90 | 0.01 |
Fat (kg/d) | 0.48a | 0.39ab | 0.31b | 0.38ab | 0.13 | 0.01 |
Protein (kg/d) | 0.35a | 0.31ab | 0.31b | 0.33ab | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Casein (kg/d) | 0.26a | 0.22b | 0.23b | 0.24ab | 0.03 | 0.02 |
Lactose (kg/d) | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.06 | 0.34 |
Solid-not-fat (kg/d) | 1.02 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
Total solid (kg/d) | 1.48a | 1.27b | 1.21b | 1.36ab | 0.16 | 0.01 |
Composition | ||||||
Fat (%) | 3.86a | 3.52ab | 2.81b | 3.12ab | 1.03 | 0.04 |
Protein (%) | 2.82 | 2.73 | 2.79 | 2.75 | 0.14 | 0.45 |
Casein (%) | 2.12 | 1.96 | 2.07 | 1.99 | 0.26 | 0.39 |
Lactose (%) | 4.29 | 4.31 | 4.33 | 4.24 | 0.21 | 0.72 |
Solid-not-fat (%) | 8.22 | 8.06 | 8.27 | 8.15 | 0.34 | 0.32 |
Total solid (%) | 11.95a | 11.34ab | 10.98b | 11.33ab | 0.99 | 0.04 |
Urea N (mg/dL) | 18.56 | 16.41 | 15.98 | 16.29 | 3.39 | 0.34 |
FFA (mekv/L) | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.86 | 0.39 | 0.78 |
Citric acid (%) | 0.17b | 0.19ab | 0.21ab | 0.22a | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Acidity (°TH) | 17.79a | 15.67ab | 14.91b | 14.97ab | 2.46 | 0.04 |
Fatty acid (%) | 3.60a | 3.28ab | 2.62b | 2.91ab | 0.57 | 0.04 |
Feed efficiency | ||||||
Milk/DMI (kg/kg) | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.20 | 0.17 | 0.81 |
3.5% FCM/DMI (kg/kg) | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 0.24 | 0.37 |
ECM/DMI (kg/kg) | 1.18 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 1.12 | 0.21 | 0.48 |
ECM/NELintake (kg/Mcal) | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.12 | 0.18 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; FCM, fat-corrected milk; ECM, energy corrected milk; N, nitrogen; FFA, free fatty acids; mekv, milliequivalents; °TH, Thorner degrees; DMI, dry matter intake; NEL, net energy for lactation.
1 Control, basal diet without oil supplement; LSO-FO, 3% linseed and fish oils at 1:1; SFO-FO, 3% sunflower and fish oils at 1:1; MIX-O, 3% mixture of linseed, sunflower, and fish oils at 1:1:1.
2 3.5% FCM = [0.432×milk (kg)]+[16.216×fat (kg)] (Dairy Records Management Systems, 2014).
3 ECM = [0.327×milk (kg/d)]+[12.86×fat (kg/d)]+[7.65×protein (kg/d)] (Peterson et al., 2012).
Fatty acid (g/100 g FA) | Treatment1 | SEM | p-value | |||
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Control | LSO-FO | SFO-FO | MIX-O | |||
Individual FA | ||||||
C4:0 | 2.41a | 2.10ab | 1.69b | 1.74b | 0.33 | 0.01 |
C6:0 | 1.78a | 1.05b | 0.93bc | 0.79c | 0.15 | 0.01 |
C8:0 | 1.12a | 0.55b | 0.49b | 0.40b | 0.12 | 0.01 |
C10:0 | 2.44a | 1.25b | 1.11b | 0.88b | 0.33 | 0.01 |
C11:0 | 0.32a | 0.13b | 0.10bc | 0.07c | 0.02 | 0.01 |
C12:0 | 7.06a | 5.48b | 5.13b | 4.47b | 0.64 | 0.01 |
C13:0 | 0.25a | 0.17b | 0.15b | 0.12c | 0.02 | 0.01 |
C14:0 | 12.51a | 11.00b | 10.11bc | 9.23c | 0.75 | 0.01 |
C14:1 | 1.08 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.69 | 0.27 | 0.13 |
C15:0 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 0.07 | 0.27 |
C16:0 | 35.83 | 34.01 | 34.18 | 32.55 | 3.03 | 0.34 |
C16:1 | 2.24 | 2.29 | 2.37 | 2.00 | 0.48 | 0.59 |
C17:1 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.34 |
C18:0 | 7.73a | 5.06b | 7.07a | 8.02a | 1.10 | 0.01 |
C18:1n-9 | 21.60b | 29.85a | 31.00a | 33.67a | 2.54 | 0.01 |
c9-C18:1 | 17.91ab | 15.06b | 15.31b | 19.18a | 2.19 | 0.01 |
t9,t12-C18:2 | 0.19ab | 0.27a | 0.15b | 0.22ab | 0.07 | 0.04 |
c9,c12-C18:2 | 0.99b | 0.18ab | 1.06b | 1.38a | 0.17 | 0.01 |
c9,t11-CLA | 0.53b | 1.58a | 0.74b | 0.94ab | 0.44 | 0.01 |
t10,c12-CLA | 0.02b | 0.16a | 0.21a | 0.18a | 0.04 | 0.01 |
c9,c11-CLA | 0.01b | 0.02b | 0.07a | 0.05a | 0.01 | 0.01 |
t9,t11-CLA | 0.08b | 0.21a | 0.16a | 0.16a | 0.05 | 0.01 |
C18:3n-3 | 0.11c | 0.36a | 0.20b | 0.25b | 0.06 | 0.01 |
C20:0 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
C20:1 | 0.08b | 0.22a | 0.19a | 0.18a | 0.03 | 0.01 |
C20:2 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.21 |
C20:3n-6 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.65 |
C20:4n-6 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.33 |
C24:0 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.34 |
C20:5n-3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.13 |
C22:6n-3 | 0.01c | 0.38a | 0.19bc | 0.23ab | 0.11 | 0.01 |
FA groups | ||||||
De novo2 | 30.00a | 23.72b | 21.51bc | 19.38c | 1.86 | 0.01 |
Mixed3 | 38.08 | 36.30 | 36.55 | 34.56 | 3.30 | 0.36 |
Preformed4 | 31.93c | 39.98b | 41.95ab | 46.07a | 3.21 | 0.01 |
C18 UFA | 23.63b | 33.99a | 33.79a | 37.10a | 2.70 | 0.01 |
SFA | 72.68a | 62.04b | 62.26b | 59.49b | 2.50 | 0.01 |
UFA | 27.32b | 37.96a | 37.74a | 40.51a | 2.50 | 0.01 |
MUFA | 25.19b | 33.54a | 34.65a | 36.78a | 2.33 | 0.01 |
PUFA | 2.13c | 4.42a | 3.09b | 3.72ab | 0.58 | 0.01 |
n-6 | 1.34b | 1.63ab | 1.38b | 1.78a | 0.19 | 0.01 |
n-3 | 0.12b | 0.74a | 0.48a | 0.57a | 0.17 | 0.01 |
EPA+DHA | 0.01b | 0.38a | 0.27a | 0.31a | 0.14 | 0.01 |
Indices | ||||||
UFA/SFA | 0.38b | 0.62a | 0.61a | 0.68a | 0.06 | 0.01 |
MUFA/SFA | 0.35b | 0.55a | 0.56a | 0.62a | 0.05 | 0.01 |
PUFA/SFA | 0.03c | 0.07a | 0.05b | 0.06ab | 0.01 | 0.01 |
n-6/n-3 | 11.63a | 2.28b | 3.21b | 3.46b | 1.12 | 0.01 |
Atherogenecity index | 3.42a | 2.24b | 2.10b | 1.83b | 0.31 | 0.01 |
Thrombogenicity index | 4.11a | 2.54b | 2.59b | 2.35b | 0.39 | 0.01 |
FA, fatty acid; SEM, standard error of the mean; CLA, conjugated fatty acid; UFA, unsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.
Item | Treatment1 | SEM | p-value | |||
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Control | LSO-FO | SFO-FO | MIX-O | |||
Yield of milk fatty acids (g/d) | ||||||
c9,c12-C18:2 | 5.11 | 4.84 | 3.56 | 5.48 | 1.28 | 0.09 |
c9,t11-CLA | 2.39b | 5.95a | 2.41b | 3.38ab | 1.97 | 0.01 |
C18:3n-3 | 0.48b | 1.30a | 0.59b | 0.91ab | 0.32 | 0.01 |
C20:5n-3+C22:6n-3 | 0.05b | 1.37a | 0.79ab | 1.09a | 0.48 | 0.01 |
PUFA | 9.61b | 16.29a | 8.96b | 13.30ab | 3.79 | 0.01 |
n-3 PUFA | 0.53c | 2.67a | 1.40bc | 2.00ab | 0.69 | 0.01 |
n-6 PUFA | 6.06 | 5.96 | 4.02 | 6.33 | 1.53 | 0.06 |
Transfer into milk (g/100 g intake) | ||||||
C18:2n-62 | 7.20a | 5.40ab | 2.43c | 3.88bc | 1.33 | 0.01 |
c9,t11-CLA3 | 3.16ab | 3.37a | 1.40b | 1.68ab | 1.16 | 0.01 |
C18:3n-3 | 10.27a | 1.52b | 9.15a | 1.47b | 2.05 | 0.01 |
C20:5n-3+C22:6n-3 | - | 2.11 | 1.24 | 2.46 | - | - |
PUFA | 12.72a | 6.61b | 4.02b | 5.27b | 2.09 | 0.01 |
n-3 PUFA | 11.41a | 1.77b | 1.98b | 1.87b | 1.64 | 0.01 |
n-6 PUFA | 8.54a | 6.34ab | 2.63c | 4.34bc | 1.51 | 0.01 |