Allen MS. 1997. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. J Dairy Sci 80:1447–1462.
Allen MS. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 83:1598–1624.
Beauchemin KA, McGinn SM. 2005. Methane emissions from feedlot cattle fed barley or corn diets. J Anim Sci 83:653–661.
Benchaar C, Greathead H. 2011. Essential oils and opportunities to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 166–167:338–355.
Benchaar C, Duynisveld JL, Charmley E. 2006a. Effects of monensin and increasing dose levels of a mixture of essential oil compounds on intake, digestion and growth performance of beef cattle. Can J Anim Sci 86:91–96.
Benchaar C, Petit HV, Berthiaume R, Ouellet DR, Chiquette J, Chouinard PY. 2007. Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. J Dairy Sci 90:886–897.
Benchaar C, Petit HV, Berthiaume R, Whyte TD, Chouinard PY. 2006b. Effects of addition of essential oils and monensin premix on digestion, ruminal fermentation, milk production and milk composition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 89:4352–4364.
Benchaar C, Calsamiglia S, Chaves AV, Fraser GR, Colombatto D, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA. 2008. A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 145:209–228.
Bergen WG, Bates DB. 1984. Ionophores: their effect on production efficiency and mode of action. J Anim Sci 58:1465–1483.
Burt S. 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-A review. Int J Food Microbiol 94:223–253.
Busquet M, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C. 2006. Plant extracts affect
in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. J Dairy Sci 89:761–771.
Busquet M, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Cardozo PW, Kamel C. 2005. Effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 88:2508–2516.
Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo P, Castillejos L, Ferret A. 2007. Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation: a review. J Dairy Sci 90:2580–2595.
Cardozo PW, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C. 2004. Effects of plant extracts on ruminal protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. J Anim Sci 82:3230–3236.
Cardozo PW, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C. 2005. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on
in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. J Anim Sci 83:2572–2579.
Cardozo PW, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C. 2006. Effects of alfalfa extract, anise, capsicum, and a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on ruminal fermentation and protein degradation in beef heifers fed a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci 84:2801–2808.
Castillejos L, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A. 2006. Effect of essential oils active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in
in vitro systems. J Dairy Sci 89:2649–2658.
Castillejos L, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Losa R. 2005. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds and the type of diet on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a continuous culture system. Anim Feed Sci Technol 119:29–41.
Castillejos L, Calsamiglia S, Martín-Ereso J, Ter Wijlen H. 2008.
In vitro evaluation of effects of ten essential oils at three doses on ruminal fermentation of high concentrate feedlot-type diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 145:259–270.
Chaves AV, Stanford K, Dugan MER, Gibson LL, McAllister TA, Van Herk F, Benchaar C. 2008a. Effects of cinnamaldehyde, garlic and juniper berry essential oils on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Livest Sci 117:215–224.
Chaves AV, Stanford K, Gibson LL, McAllister TA, Benchaar C. 2008b. Effects of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 145:396–408.
Davidson S, Hopkins BA, Diaz DE, Bolt SM, Brownie C, Fellner V, Whitlow LW. 2003. Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 86:1681–1689.
Devant M, Anglada A, Bach A. 2007. Effects of plant extract supplementation on rumen fermentation and metabolism in young Holstein bulls consuming high levels of concentrate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 137:46–57.
Evans JD, Martin SA. 2000. Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms. Curr Microbiol 41:336–340.
Fandiño I, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Blanch M. 2008. Anise and capsicum as alternatives to monensin to modify rumen fermentation in beef heifers fed a high concentrate diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 145:409–417.
Fraser GR, Chaves AV, Wang Y, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, Benchaar C. 2007. Assessment of the effects of cinnamon leaf oil on rumen microbial fermentation using two continuous culture systems. J Dairy Sci 90:2315–2328.
Geraci JI, Garciarena AD, Gagliostro GA, Beauchemin KA, Colombatto D. 2012. Plant extracts containing cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and capsicum oleoresin added to feedlot cattle diets: Ruminal environment, short term intake pattern and animal performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 176:123–130.
Grigore A, Paraschiv I, Colceru-Mihul S, Bubueanu C, Draghichi E, Ichim M. 2010. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. volatile oil obtained by two different methods. Romanian Biotechnol Lett 15:5436–5443.
Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Van Herk FH, Cheng KJ, Newbold CJ, Cheeke PR. 1999. Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers. J Anim Sci 77:2554–2563.
Hristov AN, Ropp JK, Zaman S, Melgar A. 2008. Effects of essential oils on
in vitro ruminal fermentation and ammonia release. Anim Feed Sci Technol 144:55–64.
Jahani-Azizabadi H, Danesh Mesgaran M, Vakili AR, Rezayazdi K, Hashemi M. 2011. Effect of various medicinal plant essential oils obtained from semi-arid climate on rumen fermentation characteristics of a high forage diet using
in vitro batch culture. Afr J Microbiol Res 5:4812–4819.
Jakhetia V, Patel R, Khatri P, Pahuja N, Garg S, Pandey A, Sharma S. 2010. Cinnamon: a parmacological review. J Adv Sci Res 1:19–23.
Juven BJ, Kanner J, Schved F, Weisslowicz H. 1994. Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents. J Appl Bacteriol 76:626–631.
Kung L, Williams P, Schmidt RJ, Hu W. 2008. A blend of essential plant oils used as an additive to alter silage fermentation or used as a feed additive for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 91:4793–4800.
Lana RP, Russell JB, Van Amburgh ME. 1998. The role of pH in regulating methane and ammonia production. J Anim Sci 76:2190–2196.
Martínez S, Madrid J, Hernández F, Megías MD, Sotomayor JA, Jordán MJ. 2006. Effect of thyme essential oils (
Thymus hyemalis and
Thymus zygis) and monensin on
in vitro ruminal degradation and volatile fatty acid production. J Agric Food Chem 54:6598–6602.
Meyer NF, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Greenquist MA, Luebbe MK, Williams P, Engstrom MA. 2009. Effect of essential oils, tylosin and monensin on finishing steer performance, carcass characteristics, liver abscesses, ruminal fermentation and digestibility. J Anim Sci 87:2346–2354.
Moss AR, Jouany JP, Newbold J. 2000. Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. Review article. Ann Zootech 49:231–253.
National Research Council. 1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 7th rev edNat. Acad. Press; Washington, DC:
Newbold CJ, McIntosh FM, Williams P, Losa R, Wallace RJ. 2004. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 114:105–112.
Nikaido H. 1994. Prevention of drug access to bacterial targets: permeability barriers and active efflux. Science 264:382–388.
Nocek JE. 1997. Bovine acidosis: implications on laminitis. J Dairy Sci 80:1005–1028.
Özdoğan M, Önenç SS, Önenç A. 2011. Fattening performance, blood parameters and slaughter traits of Karya lambs consuming blend of essential oil compounds. Afr J Biotechnol 10:6663–6669.
Petit HV, Flipot PM. 1992. Feed utilization of beef steers fed grass as hay or silage with or without nitrogen supplementation. J Anim Sci 70:876–883.
SAS Institute Inc. 2004. SAS/SAT user’s guide: Version 92th edn. SAS Institute Inc; Cary, North Carolina:
Russell JB. 1998. The importance of pH in the regulation of ruminal acetate to propionate ratio and methane production
in vitro. J Dairy Sci 81:3222–3230.
Stewart CS. 1991. The rumen bacteria. Rumen Microbial Metabolism and Ruminant Digestion. Jouany JP, editorINRA Editions; Paris, France: p. 15–26.
Tager LR, Krause KM. 2011. Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, milk production, and feeding behavior in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 94:2455–2464.
Tassoul MD, Shaver RD. 2009. Effect of a mixture of supplemental dietary plant essential oils on performance of periparturient and early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 92:1734–1740.
Wallace RJ. 2005. Symposium: Plants as animal foods: A case of catch 22? Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites. Proc Nutr Soc 63:621–629.
Wolin MJ. 1975. Interactions between the bacterial species of the rumen. Digestion & Metabolism in the Ruminant. McDonald IW, Warner ACI, editorsUniversity of New England Publ. Unit; Armidale, Australia: p. 134–148.
Yang WZ, Ametaj BN, Benchaar C, Beauchemin KA. 2010a. Dose response to cinnamaldehyde supplementation in growing beef heifers: ruminal and intestinal digestion. J Anim Sci 88:680–688.
Yang WZ, Ametaj BN, He ML, Benchaar C, Beauchemin KA. 2010b. Cinnamaldehyde in feedlot cattle diets: intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood metabolites. J Anim Sci 88:1082–1092.
Yang WZ, Benchaar C, Ametaj BN, Chaves AV, He ML, McAllister TA. 2007. Effects of garlic and juniper berry essential oils on ruminal fermentation and on the site and extent of digestion in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 90:5671–5681.
Yang WZ, Benchaar C, Ametaj BN, Beauchemin KA. 2010c. Dose response to eugenol supplementation in growing beef cattle: ruminal fermentationand intestinal digestion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 158:57–64.